quality of a digitized signal. The 6.02 term in the divisor converts decibels (a log10) to bits (a log2) The 1.76 term comes from quantization error in an ideal ADC 4. THD - Total harmonic distortion is the ratio of the root-mean-square (rms) value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the root-sum-square of its harmonics (generally, only the first 5 harmonics are significant). 5. SFDR- Spurious free dynamic range is the ratio of the rms value of the signal to the rms value of the worst spurious signal (fake signal) regardless of where it falls in the frequency spectrum. 6. Channels relate to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. 7. Linearity relates to how well a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend non-linear. 8. All ADC are depended on temperature, operating temperature is
signal to RMS noise. 2. SINAD - (signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio) Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean value of the root-sum-square (RSS) 3. ENOB – (effective number of bits) The effective number-of-bits and relates to SINAD 4. THD - (total harmonic distortion) Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the RSS of its harmonics. 5. SFDR - (spurious free dynamic range) Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. 6. Channels - related to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. 7. Linearity - relates to how a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend nonlinearity. 8. Operating temperature - measurement, which in optimal state for ADC-s, lets them function correctly. 9
Microcontroller homework for week 04 1. SNR - Ratio of RMS signal to RMS SINAD - Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean value of the root-sum-square (RSS) ENOB - The effective number-of-bits and relates to SINAD THD - Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the RSS of its harmonics. SFDR - Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. Channels related to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. Linearity relates to how a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend non-linearity. Temperature is measurement, which in optimal state for ADC-s, lets them function correctly. Power dissipation refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operating. 2
Week 4 homework. Question 1: 1. SNR – Ratio of root mean square signal to root mean square. 2. SINAD – Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean of value of the root sum square. 3. ENOB – The effective number of bits and relates to SINAD. 4. THD – Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of RSS of its harmonics. 5. SFDR – Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. 6. Channels – multiple analog signal inputs to the ADC that can be individually selected or selected through a multiplexor. 7. Linearity – Describes how an ADC conveter follows a linear function. 8. Operating temperature – A temperature at which the ADC functions optimally, usually given by the manufacturer. 9. Power dissipation – The proportion of power dissipated (through heat) when the ADC is working. Question 2: An 8 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 5V.
For example, if a healthy patient were subjected to 20 independent tests, there would be a 64% probability of finding at least one abnormal result. Interfering Factors External factors such as feeding schedule, sample processing, or medications can interfere with test results. A high-fat meal prior to evaluation of a serum chemistry analysis will alter values associated with lipid metabolism and cholesterol. Diuretics may affect sodium and potassium values. Cephalosporins may cause spurious serum creatinine levels. Corticosteroids and most all chemotherapy drugs severely decrease lymphocyte levels. Lipemia may decrease sodium levels, depending on the testing method used. Corticosteroids may increase alkaline phosphatase levels. If blood samples are not processed quickly after being drawn, glucose levels will often be artificially lowered. In general, if test results do not correlate with clinical
] 2013. [Võrgumaterjal]. Available: http://www.theverge.com/2013/7/17/4517480/nsa-spying-prism-surveillance- cheat-sheet. [Kasutatud 21 märts 2016]. [18 E. M. Glenn Greenwald, „Boundless Informant: the NSA's secret tool to track ] global surveillance data,“ the Guardian, 11 juuni 2013. [Võrgumaterjal]. Available: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/nsa-boundless- informant-global-datamining. [Kasutatud 21 märts 2016]. [19 T. Vigen, Spurious Correlations, [Võrgumaterjal]. Available: ] http://www.tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations. [Kasutatud 21 märts 2016]. [20 L. Morgan, „9 Causes of Data Misinterpretation,“ InformationWeek, 17 juuli ] 2015. [Võrgumaterjal]. Available: http://www.informationweek.com/big-data/big- data-analytics/9-causes-of-data-misinterpretation/d/d-id/1321338. [Kasutatud 21 märts 2016]. [21 T. Wolpe, „Lies, damned lies and big data: How firms get analytics wrong – and
Burgess 1921. Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Grupi kultuur on sotsiaalse pärandi korrastatud kogum, mis on omandanud sotsiaalse tähenduse vastava grupi rassiliste eripärade (racial temperament) ja ajaloolise arengu tulemusena. The culture of a group is the sum total and organization of the social heritages which have acquired a social meaning because of racial temperament and of the historical life of the group. Ameerika antropoloog Edward Sapir 1924. Culture, Genuine and Spurious. Americal Journal of Sociology. Kultuur on mis tahes sotsiaalselt päritud element inimese elus, olgu siis materiaalne või vaimne. 4 1. loeng Sissejuhatus: kultuuri mõistest ja määratlustest Culture is any socially inherited element in the life of man, material and spiritual. Ameerika sotsioloog Talcott Parsons 1949. Essays in Sociological Theory.
Word size 2 3 Matrix type Pam30 Blosum62 Gap penalty(cost) Existance 9, extension 1 Existance 11, extension 1 Expect madalamad väärtused kitsendavad otsingut Filtrid- Also known as Masking. The process of hiding regions of (nucleic acid or amino acid) sequence having characteristics that frequently lead to spurious high scores. Expect- Expectation value. The number of different alignents with scores equivalent to or better than S that are expected to occur in a database search by chance. The lower the E value, the more significant the score. Sõna pikkus- algne järjestuse pikkus, mis dot-ploti põhimõttega lõigatakse 3 nukleotiid pikkusteks juppideks ja hakatakse sobitama võrreldava andmepanga järjestusega.
sorry episode to an end. In the early 18th century belief in witches died out. Finally in 1992 a memorial was erected to those who were wrongly executed at Salem. 'The Crucible' by Arthur Miller The Crucible is a 1953 play by Arthur Miller (19152005). It is a dramatization of the Salem witch trials. It was first staged in 1953, it was widely acclaimed as a metaphor for the recklessness of Joseph McCarthy and his spurious crusade against communism. After a group of young women is accused of witchcraft in the Puritan community of Salem, Mass. in 1692, Abigail Williams is held in suspicion of practicing magic. Abigail in turn levels charges against John Proctor and his wife Elizabeth. Abigail has a private grudge against the Proctors; while working as their servant, she had an affair with John, and when John ended the relationship and returned to his wife, Abigail was fired
muutumises ei saa z olla osaline). Sotsiaalteadustes on siiski tihti raske tugevat kausaalset seost tuvastada. Miks? Igasugune seos pole kausaalne seos too näiteid! Veel seoste tüüpe Kausaalseid seoseid on sotsiaalteadustes üsna raske tuvastada, sest tihtipeale on tegu mitmikkausaalsusega (multiple causation): Mitu erinevat muutujat mõjutavad nähtust, mida uurime. Mõnikord võib ka tegu olla libaseosega (spurious relationship) Kaks muutujat (A ja B) varieeruvad koos vaid seetõttu, et mängu on segatud kolmas muutuja (Z). Kui kolmandat muutujat poleks, siis A ja B ei varieeruks. Paindlik seos kui me täpselt ei tea, mis on sõltuv ja mis sõltumatu muutuja, siis võib seos välja näha ka: Pikaajaline tööpuudus ühiskonna kihistatus (Kausaal)mudel Viime kokku kontseptid/muutujad ja seosed ning seome neid laiemate teooriatega tulemiks mudelid.
polnud asjas süüdi, jne. • Sotsiaalteadustes on siiski tihti raske tugevat kausaalset seost tuvastada. Miks? Veel seost tüüpe • Kausaalseid seoseid on sotsiaalteadustes üsna raske tuvastada, sest tihtipeale on tegu mitmikkausaalsusega (multiple causation): – Mitu erinevat muutujat mõjutavad nähtust, mida uurime. Mitmik-kausaalsusega oli tegemist ilmselt eelmises valimisaktiivsuse näites. • Mõnikord võib ka tegu olla libaseosega (spurious relationship) – Kaks muutujat (A ja B) varieeruvad koos vaid seetõttu, et mängu on segatud kolmas muutuja (Z). Kui kolmandat muutujat poleks, siis A ja B ei varieeruks. – Nt. Kurgede ja laste arv (tegelik mõjustaja: asustustihedus) • Paindlik seos – kui me täpselt ei tea, mis on sõltuv ja mis sõltumatu muutuja, siis võib seos välja näha ka: Pikaajaline tööpuudus ühiskonna kihistatus (Tihtipeale ongi sotsiaalteadustes rohkem paindlikke seoseid) Libaseose näide
SER Serial SERCOS Serial Real-Time Communications System SERPS Search Engine Results Page [Google] SET Secure Electronic Transaction + Softwave Engineering Technology .SET Driver Set (file name extension) [Lotus 1-2-3] [LDC] + Image Settings (file name extension) [Paradox] SETEXT Structure Enhanced Text [Internet] SEU Single Event Upset + Smallest Executable Unit SF Sign Flag SFC System File Checker SFD Start Frame Delimiter SFDR Spurious-Free Dynamic Range SFI Software Fault Isolation SFN Short File Name SFQL Structured Full-text Query Language SFS System File Server SFT System Fault Tolerance SFX Self Extracting + Sound Effect(s) SGA Shared Global Area SGCP Simple Gateway Control Protocol SGEN Signal Generator + System Generator SGDT Store Global Descriptor Table SGI Silicon Graphics, Inc. SGM Shaded Graphics Modeling SGML Standard/Structured Generalized Markup Language
Grupi kultuur on sotsiaalse pärandi korrastatud kogum, mis on omandanud sotsiaalse tähenduse vastava grupi rassiliste eripärade (racial temperament) ja ajaloolise arengu tulemusena. The culture of a group is the sum total and organization of the social heritages which have aquired a social meaning because of racial temperament and of the historical life of the group. Ameerika antropoloog 1. loeng Sissejuhatus: kultuuri mõistest ja määratlustest 5 Edward Sapir 1924. Culture, Genuine and Spurious. Americal Journal of Sociology. Kultuur on mis tahes sotsiaalselt päritud element inimese elus, olgu siis materiaalne või vaimne. Culture is any socially inherited element in the life of man, material and spiritual. Ameerika sotsioloog Talcott Parsons 1949. Essays in Sociological Theory. Kultuur koosneb neist mustritest mis on seotud teatud käitumisega ja inimtegevuse tulemitest, mis võivad olla päritud, s.t., edastatud põlvest põlve sõltumatult bioloogilistest geenidest.
Most microcontrollers permit you to read the state of an interrupt input as if it were a port pin. When an interrupt occurs, the software reads the state of the other input to determine motor direction. Motors 197 Finally, to get the same resolution as a motor controller IC, you could add an external PLD that generates interrupts on any input transition. This would also let you filter the signals to eliminate spurious edges if necessary. Another way to get higher resolution in a microprocessor-based controller is to use a microcontroller that can generate interrupts on either clock edge. The Microchip PIC16C series has an interrupt-on-change feature that can generate an interrupt when selected pins change state. Tradeoffs between Motors The tradeoffs between DC motors, brushless DC motors, and steppers are as follows: • Stepper motors require no encoder and no feedback system to determine
The result sounds something like a recording of a Mah-Jongg game played too fast. Masking systems bury the voice signal in noise. The music from a phonograph record can be electrically superimposed on the voice, drowning it out. The descrambler, which must have an identical disk precisely synchronized with that of the scrambler, subtracts the phonograph signal out, leaving the voice. These systems resemble null ciphers, which interlard the true message within a welter of spurious symbols. Another system is wave-form modification. A fluctuating electrical current operates upon the voice current to produce rapid and extreme variations in the amplitude of the transmitted speech. This sounds rather like a radio whose volume control is being turned up to full blast one instant and then down to a whisper the next. In the descrambler, an identical synchronized current reverses these effects. All these encipherments transform the speech only in the frequency
more likely to have had side- e ects. They will only make your drug look bad. So ignore them, make no attempt to chase them up, do not include them in your final analysis. Clean up the data Look at your graphs. There will be some anomalous `outliers', or points which lie a long way from the others. If they are making your drug look bad, just delete them. But if they are helping your drug look good, even if they seem to be spurious results, leave them in. `The best of five ... no ... seven ... no ... nine!' If the difference between your drug and placebo becomes significant four and a half months into a six-month trial, stop the trial immediately and start writing up the results: things might get less impressive if you carry on. Alternatively, if at six months the results are `nearly signi cant', extend the trial by another three months. Torture the data
region of the first amplified DNA product. range of concentrations (Schmittgen et al. Thus, the larger fragment produced by the 2000). Other advantages are the closed-tube first round of PCR is used as the template for format, which reduces the risks of carryover the second round. The specificity is particu- contamination, the fast and simple perfor- larly enhanced because this technique helps mance, the wide dynamic range of quantifi- to eliminate any spurious nonspecific ampli- cation (higher than six orders of magnitude), fication product. However, the high risk of and the significantly higher reliability of the cross contamination is the main drawback, results compared with conventional PCR. and great care must be taken when perform- There are two different strategies for the ing such PCRs. Several GMO methods based detection of the new amplicon being gener- Table 29.1
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