Christian cultures of Western Europe. Aethelbert 1 of Kent becomes the first Christian King of England. By the end of the 7 th century all the kingdoms of the Anglo-Saxon Britain accepted the Christian faith. 3.) Describe Old English Poetry in terms of form and content. Old English poetry is highly formal. Each line of it is divides into two halves, separated by a caesura, or pause, and is often represented by a gap on the page. The verse form contains complicated rules for alliteration designed to help scops, or poets, remember the many thousands lines they were required to know ny heart. Each of the two halves of an Anglo-Saxon line contains two stressed syllables, and an alliterative must be carried over across the caesura. Often features a distinctive set of rhetorical devices, like the kenning. 4.) Who is the Venerable Bede and what is he famous for? The Venerable Bede is the author of "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People", which is a
Caedmonian. · Cynewulf represents the essence of Christianity perfectly. The idea of the cycle of the Sun and the Moon, the movement of the waves, nature. · The subject matter of A-S poetry is actually centered on the three things that were most important in A-S lives: war, the sea that surrounded the British Isles and death. · Main qualities: somberness, awareness of inevitable death. Formal features of A-S poetry: 1. No rhyme, instead they used alliteration; A-S poetry is alliterative. (Alliteration the repetition of the same consonants in a line); 2. Every line contains a caesura a pause in the middle of a line; 3. In every half-line there are two stressed syllables, so all in all, 4 in a line; 4. The number of unstressed syllables is not fixed; 5. There is no rhyme; 6. There are very few similes (a direct comparison, i.e your hair is like gold), in Beowulf there are 5 similes; 7
kill slay Do in, make away begin commence Get going Stylistics is a very special signs because it has no fixed, single unit of study. Stylistics studies everything that makes the text expressive. Stylistics cuts right across all the basic linguistic sciences.e.g silent, sleepy streets. Stylistic point of view ,,s" sound, alliteration, drowsyness' effect. Morphology spoke and spake the truth. From the point of view of morphology, these are 2 variants of the past-tense. From the point of view of stylistics, they are 2 different modes of expression, because they carry different stylistic overtones. Spoke is archaic and so used either in elevated style or sometimes in everyday's speech for the sake of humour. Spoke is just the ordinary way of expressing this meaning. The structure of words e
What counted was thenumber of stresses. Four stresses per line, the stresses evenly spaced A pause (in Latin called caesura) in the middle of the line. Two stresses before the pause, two stresses after the pause. The number of unstressed syllables between the stressed syllables is not significant, varies. Old English poetry: initial rhymes (importantfor remembering! After all, the poetry was mainly oral, only selected poems written down by clerks at the command of noblemen/kings). Alliteration consonants at the beginning of words are repeated. Alliteration applied to stressed syllables. Alliteration bound together the two halves of the line. Therefore, the third stressed syllable (first in the second half) had to alliterate with at least one stressed syllable in the first half of the line. Old forms in general survive more easily in 1. compound words (BRIDEGROOM, WEREWOLF), 2. place names (SCARBOROUGH, CANTERBURY), 3. idiomatic phrases (e.g
contrary. Beowulf is described as a wise, hardy, noble hero who is fighting universal evil, whereas Grendel is a hideous, horrific, grim, fierce and merciless fiend who possesses no good qualities. With the description of Grendel the author actually describes Beowulf as well as he is always the absolute contrary to Grendel. We know that this is an Anglo-Saxon text because it has all the characteristic features of Anglo-Saxon literature. For example the metrical system is alliteration and it is used in abundance e.g. "Many at morning, as men have told me", "Folk-leaders faring from far and near", "By that bloody battle the boon had come" etc. Another characteristic is that there is no rhyme, but rhythm. This was very important in the Anglo-Saxon period as in the contemporary time the epic was performed by court singers. "Beowulf" was written with four beats to each line. The lines were divided into two parts, each with two beats. This is a natural place for a
2) understandable language e. Are texts ever only vocative (or other text type)? Explain. - A really small percentage of texts are purely only vocative (or other text types). They tend to be a mixture of different types. 5. Aesthetic function e. a. What are some of the aspects that help create the aesthetic effect? -The rhythm, balance and contrasts of sentences, clauses and words also play their part. The sound-effects consist of onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonance, rhyme, intonation and stress. b. How do you understand the conflict between ‘truth’ and ‘beauty’? - c. Why are descriptive verbs (‘kirjeldav tegusõna’) usually easy to translate? - Descriptive verbs of movement and action, since they describe a manner, are rich in sound effect. d. Explain the importance of the metaphor in this context. - Metaphor is the link between the expressive and the aesthetic function. Metaphor connects
Similar way of life Different varieties of the same Germanic language The Danes soon converted to Christianity By the end of the 10th c, England was a united kingdom with a Germanic culture throughout Most of Scotland united (at least in name) in a (Celtic) Gaelic kingdom Anglo-Saxon verse No rhyme nor regular number of syllables in a line, rhythm is important. The stressed syllables in a line usually begin with the same consonant alliteration. A line is divided into two half-lines by a pause a caesura, it is a natural place for a stop. Parallelism the repetition of the same idea in a different form. Many nouns and names substituted with metaphors and kennings. sea: salt-streams, sail-road, wave-deeps warriors: the famous-for-prowess, heroes-in-battle, the cased-in- helmets king: ring-prince, folk-leader, folk-chief Anglo-Saxon verse Composed by bards (scops)
images. This is called euphony (from Greek "pleasant to the ear"). 7. PHONETIC STYLISTIC DEVICES ONOMATOPOEIA is sound imitation, echo writing. It is a combination of sounds suggesting the typical sounds the object makes. Traditional cases are: buzz, roar, whisper, ding-dong, splash, squeak, giggle, whistle, etc. More original and more expressive examples comprise nonce- coinages (e.g. "the train choo-chood to the station"). ALLITERATION - alliteration is the repetition of single sounds or groups of sounds (usually word-initial sounds, esp. consonants). Alliteration goes back to Anglo-Saxon poetry that knew no rhyme and did not yet rely on metre. The complete alliteration of Anglo-Saxon poetry is sometimes used for humorous purposes. Alliteration may have its share in producing an ironic effect. Alliteration may convey various shades of meaning. Another function of alliteration lies in connecting words by similarity of sound
expr. means Synonymic repetition Trochee Prosody Lexical repetition Anapaest Orchestration Syntactic SD Dactyl Euphony Ellipsis Amphibrach Phonetic SD Aposiopesis Spondee Onomatopoeia Nominative sent. Pyrrhic Alliteration Asyndeton Rhythmic invers. Assonance Apokoinu Run-on line Rhyme: Gap-sentence link Stanza: Full Framing Heroic couplet Incomplete Anadiplosis Ballad stanza Vowel Tautology Spenserian stanza
characterised by the pilgrims' own actions. The whole tales are a broad panorama of human nature including everything that is noble and base (the opposite of noble). · GC was in a transitional stage into the Renaissance. There is humanity and humanism in his works and it is why he has sympathy for people. · GC decided to break free from Italian and French literature. His vocabulary is very informal, easy, he doesn't use alliteration and his verse is musical. He uses lines of 10 syllables with 5 stresses each. His lines run in rhyming couplets. · GC was a forerunner of the Renaissance. Literature of the 15th century · The barren century · Ethnic groups in England had become a more or less unified nation · Beginning of the English nation, no longer Saxon or French Norman, or Celtic · An earlier consciousness of nationality than elsewhere in Europe · The Hundred Years War 1337-1453
illumination. All the people guessed the same way. 7. Phonetic stylistic devices Onomatopoeia--echo writing. It is a combination of sound, which suggests acoustic features of objects or actions. There are traditional cases that are registered in dictionaries (buzz, rattle, splash, squeak) More original, expressive cases combine nonce coinages (the train choo-chooed to the station, Prr-umph! A devastating crush was heard) Alliteration--the use of words that begin with the same sound in order to make a special effect, especially in poetry. It goes back to Anglo-Saxon poetry. It may convey various shades of meaning. F at the beginning may imitate blowing wind. In that case alliteration becomes onomatopoeic in quality. The function of alliteration depends on the peculiar context; its rhythmical value goes hand in hand with the connotations it evokes. According to Boulton: · B and p--quickness, movement, scorn
It was made up in the 3rd or 4th century. I was spread orally until it was written down in the 10th century. The author is unknown and the manuscript is kept in the British Museum (near Trafalgar Square). The story is very important as it allows us to lear about the way of life in the 4th century. The characters can be divided into two groups fictitious and historical. The epic deploys many metaphors - e.g. the sea = the swan's road, body = a house for bones and alliteration. It is structured as two parts. In the first part King Hroghtgar, king of Danes built a palace Hereot near a lake. He disturbed the lake monsters sleep with his racuous parties. Grendel then goes to the castle every night and kidnaps a man. This went on for 12 years. Beowulf, a young viking, decides to put an end to it. He chooses 14 men to join him and sails across the strait with no weapns, mind you, because Grendel fought unarmed and Beowulf was an idiot however
- ett antal uppgifter om tidigare okända texter. En sådan text förväntas ni kunna placera in i en litteraturhistorisk epok eller riktning, alternativt - kanske, i något fall - även knyta till en särskild författare. När det gäller de okända texterna är det god argumentation som ger poäng. Ett felaktigt svar med god, rimlig, textnära argumentation ger sålunda fler poäng än ett enstaka författarnamn utan argumentation Medeltiden Rundiktning, runstenar Stavrim, alliteration- gammal versmått; Slutrimmet från 1100-talet, Knittelvers, parrimmet ~ 1200 (Eufemia) Rökstenen- är en av Sveriges mest kända runstenar och med sina 760 tecken anses den vara världens längsta runinskrift. Rökstenen sägs ibland vara startpunkten i den svenska litteraturens historia som det äldsta bevarade litterära verket. Konstnärlig ordföljd, versmåtten liknar isländisk. Sparlösastenen- är till större delen ristad på 800-talet, men har även fått en senare textrad
Nature as collection of eternal thruths best expressed by ancients, studying natre like studying classics. Wit – quickness and liveliness of mind; also fancy and magination which needed restraining. Judgement had to tame wit to achieve a sense of decorum or appropriatness (harmonious union of wit and judgement). The „closed” heroic couplet. In these 2 lines possible to attain rhetorical or witty effects by the use of parallelism, balance or antithesis. Alliteration and assonance could be used to strenghten this effect. Another option: Miltonic blank verse. Dramatic change in prose style, sought concision and clarity (John Locke’s writings). Analogy for new style mathematics. Former complexity (typical to the Restoration wits and scholars) gave way to more factual prose. Simple positive style, exact reflection of the new scientific and rational outlook of the Enlightenment. Vernacular literature. More people went to school.
.. (l.6) For Whitman to say he was formed from nature shows just how much he believed he was one with nature. The "I" has become identified with every element in the universe. Whitman was a bundle of contradictions because the form was loose enough to allow for long lists and catalogs abundant in detail, but also flexible to include delicate moments of lyricism and oratory. Whitman extended cadence of poetic lines through parallelism, alliteration and assonance. For example, in "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer," he writes: When I heard the learn'd astronomer, When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me, When I was shown the charts and diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them, When I heard the astronomer where he lectured with much applause in the lectureroom...(l.14) Whitman uses parallelism in this poem when he repeatedly states "When" at the beginning of each line
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