Conditionals
Table of Contents
Conditionals ......................................................................... 2
A. Real Conditionals ............................................................. 2
B. Unreal Conditionals ......................................................... 3
Linking words used in Conditionals ...................................... 4
Conditionals
Conditions deal with imagined situations: some are possible, some are
unlikely, some are impossible.
A. Real Conditionals
Real Conditionals refer to situations that are true, have happened , generally
happen or are likely to happen.
The First Conditional
expresses a possible condition and a probable result:
If I have time, I will help you.
In the if- clause we use the Present Simple , in the main clause will + the verb .
We can also use the Present Continuous or Perfect in the if-clause and a Modal
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Conditionals Sentences with if are used to express possibilities. 0 Zero conditional If-clause present (past) simple Main clause present (past) simple Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility. The zero conditional is used to talk about sth. that is always true (such as a scientific fact), or that was always true in the past. In this type of conditional we can use when instead of if. E.g., If/When you mix blue and red, you get purple. If/When you don't water flowers, they die. (present simple in both parts of the sentence) If/When I asked her to come with us, she always said no. (past simple in both parts of the sentence) 1 First conditional If-clause present simple; Main clause future tense (or: can, must, may, etc., + bare infinitive) Used to talk about the consequences of a possible action (a real or very probable situation in the
First Conditional: A real possibility in the future A First Conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. Formation: if + present simple, + will For example: If she gets good grades, she will go to university. We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence. For example: I Condition Result Possibility F she gets good she will go to If the condition is met, then she definitely If grades, university. will go he gets good he may go to
CONDITIONALS ZERO CONDITIONAL If you don't water flowers, they die. If you have a headache, stop watching TV. If clause: Main clause: PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE or IMPERATIVE With zero conditional we express a general truth or we give advice. FIRST CONDITIONAL If the weather is nice, we will go for a walk. If you don't apologize, she will never trust you again. If clause: Main clause: PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE The first conditional refers to the present and future. It expresses a possible condition and its probable result in the future. SECOND CONDITIONAL Jack wants to buy a house but he can't do this because he doesn't have any money. If I had a lo t o f m o ne y,
The house has been cleaned since you left. Past perfect: The house had been cleaned before their arrival. Future: The house will be cleaned next week. Future continuous: The house will be being cleaned tomorrow. 11. Conditional sentences: Three types of conditional sentences: 1.) First Conditional Type 1: if + present + future The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future. If I have time, I will travel to London Kui mul on aega, reisin ma Londonisse 2.) Second Conditional Type 2: if + past + conditional The second conditional (also called conditional type 2) is a structure used for talking about unreal
actions which will definitely happen in the future as a result of routine or arrangement 10) We will have returned home by Sunday afternoon. actions which will be finished before a stated future time 11) By the end of this week, she will have been working to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain here for 6 years. future time Conditionals · Type 0 If you boil water, it evaporates. (Loodusseadus) · Type 1 If you study more, you will get better marks. (Kui õpid rohkem, saad paremaid hindeid.) · Type 2 If you studied more, you would get better marks. (Kui õpiksid, saaksid) · Type 3 If you had studied more, you would have got better marks. (Kui oleksid õppinud, oleksid saanud) Mixed conditionals If-Clause Main Clause Type 2 Type 1
(When they were younger they walked/used to walk to school; NOT I used to walk to work yesterday) Be going to · Plans, intentions, ambitions for the future (I'm going to be a doctor, when I grow up) · Actions already decided to do in near future (Steve is going to work with his dad..) · Predictions based on wht we see, or know, especially if there's evidence (The sky is very clear, it's going to be cold tonight) CONDITIONALS Type 0 general truth or scientific fact: If/when + present simple > present simple (If you mix red and white, you get pink) Type 1 real or very probable situation: If + present simple > future simple, imperative, can/must/may etc + bare infinitive (If I finish the essay, I will/might go out tonight) NB! Unless + affirmative verb = if + negative verb (Unless he gives me..= if he does not give..)
The mandative subjunctive. It occurs in subordinate that-clauses, and consists of the base form of the verb only. There is no regular concord of the indicative mood between the subject and the finite verb, and there is no back shifting of tense. The committee proposes/proposed that Mr Day be elected. His sole requirement is/was that the system work. - productive: it can be used with any verb in a that-clause when the superordinate clause satisfies the requisite semantic condition that the that-clause be introduced by an expression of demand, recommendation, proposal, resolution, intention, etc. Verbs: decide, insist, move, order, prefer, request Adjectives: advisable, desirable, fitting, imperative Nouns: decision, decree, order, requirement, resolution The employees have demanded that the manager resign. AmE should resign. BrE
Golden Grammar rules 1. Don't use an with own. Sue needs her own room. (NOT Sue needs an own room.) I'd like a phone line of my own. (NOT ... an own phone line.) 2. Use or rather to correct yourself. She's German or rather, Austrian. (NOT She's German or better, Austrian.) I'll see you on Friday or rather, Saturday. 3. Use the simple present play(s), rain(s) etc to talk about habits and repeated actions. I play tennis every Saturday. (NOT I am playing tennis every Saturday.) It usually rains a lot in November. 4. Use will ..., not the present, for offers and promises. I'll cook you supper this evening. (NOT I cook you supper this evening.) I promise I'll phone you tomorrow. (NOT I promise I phone you tomorrow.) 5. Don't drop prepositions with passive verbs. I don't like to be shouted at. (NOT I don't like to be shouted.) This needs to be thought about some more. (NOT This needs to be thought some more.) 6. Don't use a present tense after It's time. It's t
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