Test 15 1 Translate. 1 Maakera kliima on muutunud. The climate of the Earth has changed. 2 Põlisameeriklaste suguharud vahetasid kaupu. Nateive American tribes exchanged goods. 3 Nende põhilised vaated olid sarnased. Their basic views were similar. 4 Nad austasid kõiki eluvorme. They respected every form of life. 5 Valged asukad liikusid läände. The white settlers moved westward. 6 Tänapäeval elavad paljud põlisameeriklased reservaatides. Today lots of Native Americans live in reservations. 7 kellegisse armuma fall in love with sb 8 kellestki / millestki erinema differ from sb/sth 2 Write the missing forms. Noun Adjective Verb Adverb 1 attraction attractive attract attractively 2 danger dangerous X dangerously
• Profound changes: technological changes = US becomes modern industrial state • US became more confident in itself • Immigration – large population of immigrants no longer spread to west, become the labour force to the factories, also dramatic growth in cities • New tension in society, what it really means to be an American • Income disparities – big gap between people who are rich and people who are poor • Westward expansion – people can think about optimistic things happening when they think about the positive things happening in the country • United States as an urban nature: skyscrapers, full of people etc Intellectual and literary trends • Darwinism • Social Darwinism • Rejection of Romanticism – writing moves away from romanticism • New Realism • Regionalism (Bret Harte, Sarah Orne Jewett, Joel Chandler Harris) MARK TWAIN (1835-1910)
Prepositions (at, on, from, in) and phrases (offer a service, hold hands, give orders, carry a flag, become official, compare with sth, have a sauna, climb a tower, gain popularity, treat with respect, exchange goods, move westward, share basic views, live on fish, smell juniper's and wool's aroma, watch the people go by, raise sheep). 1. Prepositions: of course there are no all expressions what you can use in that document, only some of them but I hope I'll help somebody for sharing that document :). 2. Phrases: some phrases are in English (+ Estonian translation, of course), some in Estonian (+ English translation)
Canada Canada is a confederation with parlamentary democracy. Head of state is the Monarch of the UK. In Canada there are three levels of government: federal, provincial and local or munucipal. These governments are elected and, therefore, are directly responsible for their actions to the electorate. Population of Canada is about 35 million and territory about 10 million square kilometers, about one-thirteenth of the entire land area of the world. So the population density is 3.5 persons per sq.km. There are 10 provinces and 3 territories. The biggest provinces are Alberta, British Columbia and Manitoba. The biggest city is Montreal with 3.8 million people. The capital Ottowa has only 1.2 million people and is listed fourth biggest city. 32% of population is Canadian, 21% is English and 15.8% is French. First Nationist are only 4%. 80% of Canadians live in 3 urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City- ...
The coastline is even. There are no big islands belonging to the USA except the Hawaiian Islands which lie halfway the continents of America and Asia. The biggest peninsulas are the Florida Peninsula and Alaska. 4. Land Regions Mountains The Appalachian Mountains are a vast system of North American mountains, partly in Canada, but mostly in the United States, forming a zone, from 100 to 300 miles wide, running from the island of Newfoundland some 150 miles south-westward to central Alabama in the United States. The Rocky Mountains, often called the Rockies, are a broad mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than 4800 km. The Rocky Mountain System within the United States is a United States physiographic region. Though part of the Pacific Cordillera, they are not to be confused with the Pacific Coast Ranges which are located immediately adjacent to the Pacific coast
cooperate, even in their own defense. The end of the wars more or less coincided with the end of the 19th century. The last major war was not really a war, it was a massacre in 1890 where Indian warriors, women, and children were slaughtered by U.S. cavalrymen at Wounded Knee and South Dakota, in a final spasm of ferocity. A stupefying record of greed and treachery, of heroism and pain, had come to an end, a record forever staining the immense history of the westward movement, which in its drama and tragedy is also distinctively and unforgettably American. Native Americans today have a special relationship with the United States of America. They can be found as members of nations, tribes, or bands of Native Americans who have sovereignty or independence from the government of the United States. Their societies and cultures still flourish amidst a larger immigrated American populace of African, Asian, European and Middle Eastern people
The first city founded by the french was Quebec. New France was generally the name given to the french colonies of Canada and Acadia. British settlements appeared along the Atlantic coast. As the colonies grew, a struggle for control over North America started between England and France. For almost a century Canada was caught up in the struggle for power, until in 1763 England finally gained control over almost all of Canada. Gradually the British started to move westward and new provinces and territories appeared. During this settlement process the native Canadians were treated with more respect than the natives of the USA. Canada's real birthdate is July 1, 1867 when the British created the Dominion of Canada under British rule. In 1931 Canada peacefully broke away from direct British rule. In 1965 a new flag with a red maple leaf on a white background was adopted. The name Canada is believed to come from the Huron-Iroquois word Kanata, which
Natural Zones and Flora. There are five distinguishable natural zones in Australia. In the very east there are wet forests (1.) that occupy the space between the Great Dividing Range and the eastern coast. Westward from the Great Dividing Range the wet forests give place to beautiful grasslands with some trees . These grasslands are called the savannas (2.). Farther west the trees disappear and the bushlands (3.) begin. The real desert (4.) occupies the centre of the Western Plateau. In the very southwest there are thin forests of evergreen trees (5.). Most of Australian trees are kinds of eucalyptus trees (or gum trees to Australians) and acacia ( wattle to Australians)
Lawrence River, and with the Hudson River by a canal. In the west of the U.S.A. there is another big lake called the Great Salt Lake. Hawaii, a chain of islands in the Pacific Ocean, has a tropical climate. Alaska is separated from the continental US by Canada. The history of the USA began when England started creating colonies in the North America in the 1600s. The colonies became independent States and joined to form the "United States" in the 1700s. The USA expanded westward in the 1800s and reached the Pacific Ocean. As it grew, it became the greatest industrial power in the world. It wanted to stay out of European problems, but in the two World Wars, it decided that it could not afford to let Germany win. In the 1940s it became the leader of the West and organized an alliance of the democracies. Today it is the only superpower left in the world. Tensions between American colonials and the British during
larger than that of the United States, Canada has an extremely varied topography. In the east, the mountainous maritime provinces have an irregular coastline on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Atlantic. The St. Lawrence plain, covering most of southern Quebec and Ontario, and the interior continental plain, covering southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan and most of Alberta, are the principal cultivable areas. They are separated by a forested plateau rising from Lakes Superior and Huron. Westward toward the Pacific, most of British Columbia, the Yukon, and part of western Alberta are covered by parallel mountain ranges, including the Rockies. The Pacific border of the coast range is ragged with fjords and channels. The highest point in Canada is Mount Logan (6,050 m), which is in the Yukon. The two principal river systems are the Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence, with its tributaries, is navigable for over 1,900 miles (3,058 km). Government:
Early History The first inhabitants of Canada were native Indian people who were called as Inuits. They are believed to be in Canada since about 10000 BC. The Inuits came to Canada from Asia crossing the Bering land bridge. The earliest discoveries in Canada were made by the Vikings. In AD 985 Vikings sailing from Iceland to Greenland were blown westward off their course and the Vikings sighted the coast of Labrador peninsula. The report of forested areas encouraged further exploration because the colonies in Greenland which belonged to the Vikings lacked lumber. In AD 1000 Leif Ericson became the first European to land in North America. The first colony was established what was described as Vinland by the Vikings. It was located on the northernmost tip of todays Newfoundland.
Milestones in Estonian History The Estonians are a Finno-Ugric people who came from the area near the Urals and the Volga and Oka rivers. They migrated westward to the Baltic shores some 5, 000 years ago. In the ninth century A.D. Viking ships invaded Estonia and the country became a vital link in the sea-trade between East and West. By the 12th century, the Arabian geographer al-Idrisi had placed the city on his maps. In the 13th century, Tallinn joined the Hanseatic League, the union of European commercial towns that stretched from London to Novgorod. Pärnu, Viljandi and Tartu were also members.
Columbus' men were the first documented Old Worlders to land in the territory of what is now the United States. In its beginnings, the United States of America consisted only of the Thirteen Colonies. American colonists fought off the British army in the American Revolutionary War of the 1770s and issued a Declaration of Independence in 1776. Seven years later, the signing of the Treaty of Paris officially recognized independence from Britain. In the nineteenth century, westward expansion of United States territory began, in which the United States would occupy all the North American land east to west. Ratified in 1788, the Constitution serves as the supreme American law in organizing the government; the Supreme Court is responsible for upholding Constitutional law. Slavery was abolished in 1865 by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In later years, civil rights were extended to women and black Americans.
language, and history. Much of this legacy remains celebrated artistically, and in other ways, in Canada to this day. Part of the emblem of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics is an inukshuk, a stack of rocks in human form that is a part of Inuit culture. 12. History The earliest discovery of the new World was made by Norse seafarers known as Vikings. It is said that in 985 AD Norse seamen sailing from Iceland to Greenland were blown far westward off their course and sighted the coast of what must have been Labrador. The report of forested areas on the strange new coast encouraged further explorations by Norse colonists from Greenland, whose settlements lacked lumber. In Anno Domini 1000 Leif Ericson became the first European to land in North America. A colony was established in what the Vikings described as Vinland. Discoveries of "Norse" relics in that area have been exposed by scholars as hoaxes.
kitsad tsonaalsed hoovused, mis võivad olla vastassuundades. Atlandi ookeanis on idasuunaline vastuhoovus veepinna all, Vaikses ookeanis ulatub vastuhoovus ka veepinnale. Ümber Antarktika on voolamisel vaba ruumi ning seal esineb Antarktika ringvool. Põhja-Jäämere külm vesi on ava-ookeaniga ühendatud kitsaste väinade kaudu, tuntumad on Labradori ja Oyashio hoovus.-effektKõigis ookeanides esineb hoovuste läänesuunaline intensiivistumine (westward intensification), vt. Golfi hoovus, Kuroshio, Oyashio, Brasiilia hoovus, Agulhas'i hoovus (joonis 10.5). Selle tekkimiseks on oluline Maa pöörlemise nurkkiiruse projektsiooni muutumine laiuskraadiga, nn. -effekt. Nimi tuleneb sellest, et esimeses lähenduses saab Coriolis'e parameetri muutumise kirjutada kujul f = f 0 + ( y - y 0 ) , kus y on põhja-lõunasuunaline koordinaat. El Niño klimaatiline fluktuatsioon Vaikse ookeani ekvatoriaalosas, mis esineb kord iga 2-10 aasta kohta
Tao y Can not thoroughly analyzed by our thoughts and logic y Its existence gave rise to everything and pervades all that we know y The manifestation of Tao in humans is called our True Nature y Purity and innocence of a child y Spring and Autumn, Warring States Era of the Chou dynasty (~500BC), during a time of turmoil and spiritual disintegration y Decided to ride on the back of a water buffalo to spread the Truth that he realized, or Tao, westward y Requested by an official at the border of China to write down the essence of his wisdom as a guide for future generations y This became the book Tao Te Ching Tao Te Ching The Book y ~5000 characters divided amongst 81 chapters y Succinct to read in an afternoon, but profound to study for a lifetime y Can't go through every chapter and analyze every phrase, but will attempt to cover some of the key concepts mentioned in the book
Britain History Pre-Norman Britain The Iberians brought their metal-working skills and the first real civilization to Britain in the third millennium B.C and were overrun by various Celtic invasions that began in the 8th century. The Celts introduced their tribal organization and an early form of agriculture before they were forced westward by the Roman invasion. Forms of Celtic language are still spoken in Britain. Romans (with Julius Caesar in the head of them) first tried to occupy Britain in 55 B.C., but there was a rebellion in Gaul so they had to leave to fight against it. Next time they came in 43 A.D. and their leader was Emperor Claudius. Romans brought a lot with them. Their brought paved roads, the sites of important cities, the seeds of Christianity, the Roman
In the short space of 6 years, four monumental lit works were published: Nathaniel Hawthorne's (1804-64) The Scarlet Letter (1850), Herman Melville's (1819-91) Moby Dick (1851), Henry David Thoreau's (1817-62) Walden (1854) and Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass (1855). This period witnessed the highest lit expression of the Puritan tradition and the emergence of a new cultural and philosophical movement, Transcendentalism. Although the Am frontier was being pushed westward, Massachusetts and Virginia, the Puritan strongholds in the east, remained the centre of cultural activity. The Puritan heritage is clearly evident in the work of Nathaniel Hawthorne, who wrote about the conflict between the good and evil set in the dark, Puritan, New England past. In his masterpiece The Scarlet Letter he uses a mixture of fantasy and realism, symbols and allegories to explore one of his constant themes: the relationship between the individual and society.
constantly brimming with visiting friends and relatives, and the homey and artistic effects of the affectionate couple were everywhere. Their home echoed with laughter and the patter of little feet or was eerily hushed as the children raptly listened to fantastic stories told by Edward. They also played the organ, sang songs, dressed up in costumes and acted out plays. In January 1878 Kipling was admitted to the United Services College, at Westward Ho!, Devon, a school founded a few years earlier to prepare boys for the armed forces. The school proved rough going for him at first, but later led to firm friendships, and provided the setting for his schoolboy stories Stalky & Co. published many years later.[22] During his time there, Kipling also met and fell in love with Florence Garrard, a fellow boarder with Trix at Southsea (to which Trix had returned). Florence was to become the
telecommunications industry. 13. Biggest cities Canada's biggest cities are Toronto, Montréal, Calgary, Ottawa (which is also the capital), Edmonton, Winnipeg and Vancouver. Toronto has a population of 2, 5 million which makes it the biggest city in Canada. 14. History The earliest discovery of the New World was made by Norse seafarers known as Vikings. In AD 985 Norse seamen sailing from Iceland to Greenland were blown far westward off their course and sighted the coast of what must have been Labrador. The report of forested areas on the strange new coast encouraged further explorations by Norse colonists from Greenland, whose settlers lacked lumber. In AD 1000 Leif Eriksson became the first European to land in North America. According to the sagas this was the first of many Norse voyages to the eastern shores of the continent
Benjamin Franklin- Fire department, library, freedom of the press No college for woman and African-Americans · Southern Colonies Maryland- religious freedom North and South Carolina- arguments between the two groups Georgia- last of the 13 colonies, Place to get rid of the people in England the King did not like/want, prisoners · Life in southern colonies- Large plantations- tobacco, rice, cotton Cheap labour Slaves Primary seaports in Charleston and South Carolina · Westward expansion 1803 President Thomas Jefferson sent a secret message to Congress calling for a expedition in the west. (Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean) France owned the territory Bought for 15,000,000 Dollars ´´Free Land´´ to attract people there Gangs robbed travellers. Mexiacan origin California Gold Rush of 1849 (80,000) · Manifest Destiny is a term that was used in the 19th century to designate the belief that the United States was
the male-sterile and restorer gene system that made hybrids feasible and increased commercial interest in the crop. Production of sunflowers subsequently rose dramatically in the Great Plains states as marketers found new niches for the seeds as an oil crop, a birdseed crop, and as a human snack food. Production in these regions in the 1980s has declined mostly because of low prices, but also due to disease, insect and bird problems. Sunflower acreage is now moving westward into dryer regions; however, 85% of the North American sunflower seed is still produced in North and South Dakota and Minnesota. II. Uses: A. Edible(söödav)oil: Commercially available sunflower varieties contain from 39 to 49% oil in the seed. In 1985-86, sunflower seed was the third largest source of vegetable oil worldwide, following soybean and palm. The growth of sunflower as an oilseed crop has rivaled that of soybean, with both increasing production over 6-fold since the 1930s
thirsty travellers coming off the desert. joinery techniques and materials of their predecessors. Shunsuke Baba, photographer Shunsuke Baba, photographer Medieval bridges The revival of bridge building in Europe following the fall of the Roman Empire was marked by the spread of the pointed arch westward from its origins in the Middle East. The pointed arch typically was a Gothic architectural form important structurally in the development of palaces, castles, and especially the cathedrals of western Europe, but not very important for bridges. Medieval bridges continued such multi-functional traditions as the Isfahan Bridge in Iran. Chapels, shops, tollhouses, and towers adorned fortified bridges such the 1355 Pont Valentré at Cahors (France) or the Monnow
of Indians by whites involves an appropriation, even an expropriation, parallel to the economic expropriation which is its context." They believed that it would lead to a greater knowledge of the natives by the colonists, which in turn would lead to a greater ability to exploit the natives and eventually to a complete appropriation of them. It is widely documented that Cooper admitted his support for what the white settlers did in their westward expansionhe actually acknowledges in The Pioneers, the first of the Leatherstocking Tales to be written but the next to last in the sequence of events, that "the Europeans, or, to use a more significant term, the Christians, dispossessed the original owners of the soil" and justified it by saying that it was part of the noble mission of Christianity and therefore "part of a universal moral progress which it was the special destiny of American to manifest
TIGER Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing TIIAP Telecommunications and Information Infrastructure Assistance Program [NII] TIL Tech Info Library [Macintosh] TIM Technical Information Memo [Compaq] TIMED Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics [JHUAPL] TIMEZONES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - GMT Offsets Offsets Eastward from GMT (+) Offsets Westward from GMT (-) AST - Atlantic Standard Time -4:00 AT - Azores Time -2:00 AHD - Alaska-Hawaii Daylight ::: AHS - Alaska-Hawaii Standard -10:00 BLT - Baghdad Local Time +3:00 BST - British Summer Time ::: CAT - Central Alaska Time -10:00 CCT - China Coast Time +8:00 CDT - Central Daylight Time :::
ассимилировать кого-л. NB. В глаголах (а также в сущ. и прил.), оканчивающихся на -ate, ударение падает на третий слог от конца. Распространенной ошибкой является перенос ударения на последний слог. 21. -ward suff. (in adjectives) в указанном направлении a westward movement движение на запад a southward advance наступление на юг -wards (in adverbs) в указанном направлении to drive sb westwards прогонять кого-л. на запад We travelled northwards. Мы ехали на cевеp. 22. gradually [-dZu-] постепенно eventually [-t∫u-] со временем; в конце концов NB
With us to watch the minutes of this night; That if again this apparition come, He may approve our eyes and speak to it. HORATIO Tush, tush, 'twill not appear. BERNARDO Sit down awhile; And let us once again assail your ears, 6 That are so fortified against our story What we have two nights seen. HORATIO Well, sit we down, And let us hear Bernardo speak of this. BERNARDO Last night of all, When yond same star that's westward from the pole Had made his course to illume that part of heaven Where now it burns, Marcellus and myself, The bell then beating one,— Enter Ghost MARCELLUS Peace, break thee off; look, where it comes again! BERNARDO In the same figure, like the king that's dead. MARCELLUS Thou art a scholar; speak to it, Horatio. BERNARDO Looks it not like the king? mark it, Horatio. HORATIO Most like: it harrows me with fear and wonder. BERNARDO It would be spoke to.
HISTORY AND CULTURE IN GENERAL. History 1. Eesti Vabariik 1918 – 1940. Ajalooline ülevaade sõnas ja pildis (The Republic of Estonia in 1918 – 1940. The historical survey in word and picture). Compiled by E. Uustalu. Lund, Eesti Kirjanike Kooperatiiv, 1968 (in Estonian). 2. Tõnu Parming, Elmar Järvesoo. A Case Study of a Soviet Republic: The Estonian SSR. Westward Press, Boulder, Colorado 1978. 3. Arvo Mägi. Eesti rahva ajaraamat (The Chronicle of Estonian People). Stockholm, Eesti Päevaleht Förlag AB 1979 (in Estonian). 4. Soviet Estonia. Land. People. Culture. Tallinn, Valgus Publishers, 1980 5. Toivo Ü. Raun. Estonia and the Estonians. Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University 1987. 6. Eesti Entsüklopeedia, XI kd. Eesti üldosa (The Estonian Encyclopaedia, volume XI
in response. "Was that you we heard, Edward?" Esme asked as she approached. "It sounded like a bear choking," Emmett clarified. I smiled hesitantly at Esme. "That was him." "Bella was being unintentionally funny," Edward explained, quickly settling the score. Alice had left her position and was running, or dancing, toward us. She hurtled to a fluid stop at our feet. "It's time," she announced. As soon as she spoke, a deep rumble of thunder shook the forest beyond us, and then crashed westward toward town. "Eerie, isn't it?" Emmett said with easy familiarity, winking at me. "Let's go." Alice reached for Emmett's hand and they darted toward the oversized field; she ran like a gazelle. He was nearly as graceful and just as fast -- yet Emmett could never be compared to a gazelle. "Are you ready for some ball?" Edward asked, his eyes eager, bright. I tried to sound appropriately enthusiastic. "Go team!" He snickered and, after mussing my hair, bounded off after the other two
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