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Total station problems (0)

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Laura Lüll  KRG11/21  Total station: Problems    1.  Distinguish between transits and theodolites.  -  Transits and theodolites are instruments for measuring horizontal and vertical  angles. The distinction between these instruments is not very clear. At first, both of 
instruments were called theodolites. The instruments that were manufactured with 
long telescopes and could not be inverted end for end were called theodolites. As 
technology developed, people started making instruments with shorter telescopes 
that could be inverted or transited – these machines were called transits. Time 
went on and in the end most instruments – both theodolites and transits were 
manufactured with telescopes witch could be inverted. Now, the original 
distinction is no longer suitable and the way instruments were called was a matter 
of local usage. The vernier-read instruments were called transits and more precise 
ones with optically read instruments were called theodolites. Earlier theodolites 
used to have verniers and micrometer microscopes for reading angles, then they 
were manufactured with optical systems with witch the user could read both 
horizontal and vertical angles through an eyepiece located near the telescope. The 
newest theodolites showed the horizontal and vertical angles digitally in a display 
window. Now, actually, transits and theodolites are almost obsolete in American 
surveying practice. The textbook author (textbook pages were in moodle) refers to 
transits as being the American-style instruments, they have four levelling screws 
and silver horizontal and vertical scales and they are usually equipped with plumb 
bobs for cantering over points. Theodolite is used to refer to the instruments with 
three levelling screws and horizontal and vertical glass circles that could be read 
directly or with an optical micrometer, also those instruments that provided digital 
displays of angle readings. 
In conclusion – both instruments are outdated for today, but they were used for 
measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Theodolites were at fist distinguishable 
by long telescopes and they could not be inverted end for end, later the term 
theodolite meant a more precise and optically readable instrument, also 
instruments with digital display for reading horizontal and vertical angles were 
called theodolites. Transits were distinguishable by a shorter telescope and they 
could be inverted or transited, later they called the vernier-read instruments 
transits.    2.  Describe the leveling process for a total station.  -  Total Station is the most commonly used surveying instrument today. The  instrument is usually levelled by using its plate bubble and  three levelling screws. 
The leveling process is happening in tribrach. It is a part of a total station that 
contains three levelling screws, a circular or bull’s eye level and probably an 
optical plummet for centering the instrument over survey points. The tribrach is 
screwed down on the head of the tripod and the instrument is clamped to the 
tribrach with the tribrach screw. The optical plummet permits the surveyor to 
accurately center the instrument over a given point. It may be a part of the alidade, 


  but most commonly it is still part of the tribrach – the positioning results are more 
accurate then. The optical plummet provides a line of sight parallel and in line with 
vertical axis of the total station. There are two graduated circles (horizontal and 
vertical) what are used for measuring angles in mutually perpendicular planes. If 
the instrument is levelled, then the horizontal circle is placed into a horizontal 
plane and the vertical circle is placed into a vertical plane (horizontal and vertical 
angles can be measured in their proper planes). Earlier total stations had bubble 
tubes for levelling, later ones use automatic compensators. 
A surveyor roughly levels the total station using its leveling screws (three of 
them), then the magnitude of any leveling errors present are received by the 
instrument’s microprocessor, which will make appropriate corrections to the 
values of the measured horizontal and vertical angles. 
At first it is needed to firmly set up the tripod (as horizontal as possible with the 
eye), then it is needed to secure the total station on the tripod with a centering 
screw. Then it is convenient to use plumb bobs for approximate centering before 
using the plummets. Probably is necessary to move the tripod a little in the 
centering process. When the instrument is roughly centered then starts the fine 
centering with the optical plummet. The instrument must be levelled for the 
vertical axis of the instrument and the line of sight of the plummet to be truly 
vertical. When the line of sight of the plummet is very close to its needed position 
starts leveling with level screws and a plate bubble. Then it is also possible to 
loosen the centering screw to move the instrument to the desired position. It may 
be necessary to repeat all the leveling steps to get the ideal position.    3.  What is an alidade? What are its parts?  -  The alidade is the upper part of the total station. Alidade includes the telescope,  the graduated vertical and horizontal scales for measuring angles and the other 
components that are involved in measuring angles and distances. The short 
telescopes that can be inverted end for end or transited, contain reticles or cross 
hair rings with the cross hairs etched in glass. Most of the telescopes have two 
focusing devices – the objective lens for sighting to the point observed and the 
eyepiece control for focusing the crosshairs.     4.  List the types pf surveying work that can be done with a total station.  -  Total stations automatically determine the horizontal and vertical components of  slope distances and compute elevations and coordinates of sighted points. Total 
stations can also be used in a tracking mode. They provide slope, horizontal and 
vertical distances; measure horizontal and vertical (zenith) angles and determine 
coordinates. Total stations may be used to work from the control networks for  
boundary surveys, construction stake out and for obtaining topographic data.   


  5.  What are the functions of the microprocessor in the total station?  -  The microprocessor instantaneously computes horizontal and vertical components  of slope distances as well as elevations and coordinates of sighted points. It is also 
possible to store these values in the microprocessor or transfer them to external 
data collectors.  
The angles and distances measured with a total station are entered into the built-in 
microprocessor. It converts the measured slope distances to horizontal and vertical 
components (or elevation differences). If the elevation of the instrument center and 
the h.i. of the reflector are entered into the instrument, the elevation of the sighted 
point is computed taking into account earth’s curvature and atmospheric refraction. 
Also, if the coordinates of the occupied station and a known azimuth are available, 
the microprocessor will compute the coordinates of the sighted point. The 
microprocessor is using computed horizontal and vertical components of the slope 
distance and the azimuth of  the line to determine by trigonometry the north-south 
and east-west components of the line and the coordinates of the new point (new 
coordinates also stored in memory). Microprocessor also considers the 
instrumental errors (leveling errors) while computing.     


  References:  [1] Chapter 10, “Measuring angles and directions with Total Stations”. Avaliable:  https://ekool.tktk.ee/pluginfile.php/189762/mod_resource/content/1/Total%20stations.pdf.  [Textbook file]. [Used 27.04.2020]. 
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