differences. First of all the regime: Estonia is a democratic republic when the United Kingdom is constitutional monarchy. The head of state in Estonia is president who currently is Toomas-Hendrik Ilves and the head of state in United Kingdom is queen Elizabeth the second. Estonian president has a serving time of 5 years then in United Kingdom monarch rules the country till he or she dies, of course there are special occasions for that too. Second of all I want to talk about parliaments: Estonian parliament is unicameral and has 101 members and is elected for four years, when the British parliament is bicameral and has 1455 members currently and is elected for five years. Bicameral parliament means that there are two separate assemblies. There are quite a few minor differences that Iam not going to mention because otherwise it would take me much longer than two minutes to talk about them. Now i want to talk about similarities
Replaced by a republic Charles II - son of above, put on throne after republic turned out to be a really bad idea. Last monarch to have an independent income. After him, Parliament held tight control on monarch's money. William III and Mary II - Only husband and wife to rule equally. Signers for the Bill of Rights. George I - first King to have Prime Minister run things George III - King during American revolution. Blamed for everything, actually all Parliaments fault. King during French Revolution and Napoleonic wars. Victoria - longest reigning monarch. Reigned over height of British Empire Elizabeth II - lost British Empire
• In the mid-17th century, all three kingdoms were involved in a series of connected wars, which led to the temporary overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the short-lived unitary republic of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. Acts of Union • On 1 May 1707, the united Kingdom of Great Britain came into being, the result of Acts of Union being passed by the parliaments of England and Scotland to ratify the 1706 Treaty of Union and so unite the two kingdoms • The term "United Kingdom" became official in 1801 when the parliaments of Britain and Ireland each passed an Act of Union, uniting the two kingdoms and creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Late history • After the defeat of France at the end of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), the UK
Men and women in politics Women have become a force to be reckoned with in the world of politics. Over the past decade, women have resolved into leadership positions, encouraging the same sex to voice their opinions in voting booths, political debates, and society. Not only in America, but nationwide. Women comprise over 35 percent of the lower house in Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Demark; 15 percent or less are seen in parliaments within ten countries . Over the years, women had to protest and fight for this right so that young women today can vote and have a say so in who represents the people of our city, state, and country. A woman's influence in politics has yet to be recognized as a true political voice of women that actually yields power. Perceptions of women and politics from the media, society, men, and even women themselves have shaped
Scotland in 1707. How laws are made Most new laws passed by Parliament result from proposals made by the government. Proposals aim to shape society or address particular problems. Normally, they are created over a period of time. History In the Middle Ages and early modern period there were three kingdoms within the British Isles -- England, Scotland and Ireland -- and these developed separate parliaments. The 1707 Acts of Union brought England and Scotland together under the Parliament of Great Britain, and the 1800 Act of Union included Ireland under the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In 1066, William of Normandy brought a feudal system, where he sought the advice of a council before making laws. In 1215, this council got the Magna Carta from King John, which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes , save with the consent of his royal council,
Otto Strandman made the suggestion to name the new Estonian currency “kroon” after Scandinavian countries. From 1927 to 1929, he was a diplomat, serving as an envoy in Warsaw, when he made contacts with Polish politicians. In August 1930, Strandman hosted president Mošicki in Estonia. During the Soviet occupation in 1941, Strandman was ordered to show up to the NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) headquarters In conclusion, he had been in many parliaments like Estonian Provincial Assembly, Estonian Constituent Assembly, I parliament, II parliament, III parliament, IV parliament and V parliament. In 1936 he supported Juhan Kukk, Ants Piip, Jaan Teemant and Jaan Tõnisson, who signed a memorandum addressed to Prime Minister in duties of the State Elder Konstantin Päts. In 1938 Otto became a judge at the Permanent Court of International Justice in the Hague. In 1939, Strandman went back to Estonia and returned to his home in Kadrina
Parliament established its supermacy over the monarchy The ideological Protestantism had grown in England. They regarded the luxorious lifestyle of the KInga and his followers as immoral The civil war, which ended with complete victory for the parliamentary forces The Glorious Revolution-because it was bloodless, in which Prince William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands, and his Stuart wife Mary accepted the Parliaments invitation to become king and queen. The Bill of rights, which limited some of the monrarchs powers The Prebyterian Church was granted its legality The 18th Century in 1707, the Act of union was posed and the former two kingdoms became The united kingdom monarch and parliament on on quite well together the formation of 3 vaguely opposed loose collections of allies (The WIgs and the Tories)
In such cases, governments traditionally allows members the freedom to vote according to their conscience. Two important examples of Private Members Bills have been passed by Parliament are the law to abolish the death penalty (Murder Act of 1965 ), and the law authorizing abortion (1967). Territoriality The British Parliament is both Parliament of England and Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is sovereign (see Constitution). Parliament has delegated some of its powers to the regional parliaments or assemblies of Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales .
the Court of Justice of the EU upholds the rule of European law the Court of Auditors checks the financing of the EU's activities. The powers and responsibilities of all of these institutions are laid down in the Treaties, which are the foundation of everything the EU does. They also lay down the rules and procedures that the EU institutions must follow. The Treaties are agreed by the presidents and/or prime ministers of all the EU countries, and ratified by their parliaments. The EU has a number of other institutions and interinstitutional bodies that play specialised roles: the European Central Bank is responsible for European monetary policy the European External Action Service (EEAS) assists the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, currently Catherine Ashton. She chairs the Foreign Affairs Council and conducts the common foreign and security policy, also ensuring the consistency and coordination of the EU's external action.
This has led to discussion about the possible need to ristrict the freedom of the press. This is because, in behaving this way, the press has found itself in conflict with the right to privacy. Complaints regarding invasion of privacy are dealt with by the Press Complaints Commission (PCC). - In other words the press regulates itself. BBC - Just as the British Parliament has the reputation for being the "the mother of parliaments", so the BBC might be said to be the "mother of information services." BBC does not favour any politic views. It doesnt depend on advertising or government for its income. Televison: Organization In terms of the size of its audience, television has long since taken over from Radio as the most significant form of broadcasting in Britain. When commercial television began, it was feared that advertisers would have too much
peasant class and was the first step towards the ending of the feudal system in England. No sooner was the Hundred Year's War over than a long power struggle began for the English crown between two families the House of Lancaster and the House of York. The War of The Roses ended when Henry VII united the two rival houses, giving origin to the Tudor dynasty. The state began to take its present shape with the Acts of Union in 1707, which united the crowns and Parliaments of England and Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain. A further Act of Union joined the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In the 13th century, king Edward I finally conquered the last remaining counties in north and west Wales. To appease the Welsh, Edward's son (the future Edward II), who had been born in Wales, was made Prince of Wales. So the tradition of giving the title
impartial. Crossbenchers A crossbencher is an independent or minor party member of some legislatures, such as the British House of Lords and in the Parliament of Australia. They take their name from the crossbenches, between and perpendicular to the government and opposition benches, where crossbenchers sit in the chamber. MP A Member of Parliament (MP) is the representative of the voters to a parliament. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this category includes specifically members of the lower house, as upper houses often have a different title. The Speaker The Speaker of the House of Commons chairs debates in the Commons chamber. The holder of this office is an MP who has been elected to be Speaker by other Members of Parliament. During debates they keep order and call MPs to speak. The Speaker is the chief officer and highest authority of the House of Commons and must remain
He is known as a strong and determined king and he had a terrible temper. King John Reigned as King of England from April 6, 1199 to October 19, 1216. In 1215. he was forced to sign Magna Carta by the English barons. He was not a very popular king. People think of him as a cruel and disloyal person. He died in 1216. after eating peaches. King Henry III Reigned as King of England from 19 Oct 1216 to 16 Nov 1272. During Henry III reign the custom of having Parliaments was established. He was a very kind king and it is known that he could never say "no" to anyone. The rebuilding of Westminster Abbey was started by him. King Edward III Reigned as King of England from January 25, 1327 to 1377. During his reign in 1340 the Hundred Years War was started between England and France. King Edward III main ambition was military glory. King Henry VI Reigned as King of England from Aug 31,1422 to March 4, 1461 and also from
dominates the Scottish Lowlands. Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. The Kingdom of Scotland was an independent state until 1 May 1707 when it joined in a political union with the Kingdom of England to create a united Kingdom of Great Britain. This union was the result of the Treaty of Union agreed in 1706 and put into effect by the Acts of Union that were passed by the Parliaments of both countries despite widespread protest across Scotland. Scotland's legal system continues to be separate from those of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and Scotland still constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in public and in private law. The continued independence of Scots law, the Scottish education system, and the Church of Scotland have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and Scottish national identity since the Union
After the Glorious Revolution, the abolition of episcopacy and the overthrow of the Roman Catholic James VII by William and Mary, Scotland briefly threatened to select a different Protestant monarch from England. On 22 July 1706 the Treaty of Union was agreed between representatives of the Scots Parliament and the Parliament of England and the following year twin Acts of Union were passed by both parliaments to create the united Kingdom of Great Britain with effect from 1 May 1707. The deposed Jacobite Stuart claimants had remained popular in the Highlands and north-east, particularly amongst non- Presbyterians. However, two major Jacobite risings launched in 1715 and 1745 failed to remove the House of Hanover from the British throne. The threat of the Jacobite movement to the United Kingdom and its monarchs effectively ended at the Battle of Culloden, Great Britain's last pitched battle
Catholic while the Protestants were being murdered, Parliament was so angered that it invited the Protestant William of Orange and Mary (James II's daughter) to take the Crown. This Glorious Revolution (1688) was accompanied by a Bill of Rights, which made it obligatory for the sovereign to rule with Parliament's assistance and outlawed Catholicism for all Englishman, including the King. In 1707 the Act of Union united English and Scottish Parliaments. The last monarch of the Stuarts was Queen Anne. The House of Hanover At the beginning of the 18th century the English parliament asked George of Hanover, a Protestant descendant of James I, to become king. George I was a controversial king who spent most of his time in Hanover, leaving the country in the care of the Cabinet. This was eventually headed by Sir Robert Walpole, Britain's first Prime Minister and the first to live at 10 Downing Street
Ed III asked for money from his Parliament, they asked to see royal accounts. For the first time the king allowed himself to be ,,accountable" to Parliament. Merchants & country gentlemen were anxious to influence the king's politics both at home & abroadin order to protect their interests. The alliance between esquires & merchants made Parliament more powerful & separated the Commons more & more from the Lords. Many European countries had the same kinds of Parliaments at this time, but in most cases these disappeared when feudalism died out. In England the death of feudalism helped to strengthen the House of Commons in Parliament. In 1363 Ed III appointed ,,justices of the peace" to deal with smaller crimes & offenses & to hold court 4 times a year. These JPs as they became known, were usually less important lords or members of the landed gentry. They were & still are chosen for their fairness & honesty. This made the middle classes still stronger
has been describedas one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. The Parliament is composed of 766 members, who represent the second largest democratic electorate in the world (after the Parliament of India). It has been directly elected every five years by universal suffrage since 1979. Although the European Parliament has legislative power that the Council and Commission do not possess, it does not formally possess legislative initiative, as most national parliaments of EU member states do. The Parliament is the "first institution" of the EU and shares equal legislative and budgetary powers with the Council. It likewise has equal control over the EU budget. The European Commission, the executive body of the EU, is accountable to Parliament. In particular, Parliament elects the President of the Commission, and approves (or rejects) the appointment of the Commission as a whole. The President of the European Parliament (Parliament's speaker) is Martin Schulz
winning the war The Independents New Model Army developed into a political force. Congregationalist principle: every congregation or local church is independent. Demands for religious toleration except for Roman Catholics and High Anglicans on the right and Freethinkers and Unitarians on the left. Adcovated for complete separation of Church and State Pride´s purge and the Rump Enraged by the Parliaments opposition to the New Model Army, officers dicided to remove those members of parliament they regarded untrustforthy. Acting on the orders of Thomas Pride, they kicked out 143 prebyterian members. The resulting less 100 member parliament is known as Rump They abolished the house of Lords. Confiscated the crown. Set up a commission to try the king. The Rump was dismissed by Regicide 1649 Was the public execution of Charles I in front
information, and a vocabulary with relevant language notes. The main reading text is accompanied by comprehension, vocabulary and grammar exercises and discussion activities. Some of the units include reading passages. The book is intended for university and school students as well as other English learners wishing to acquire more knowledge about the country whose tongue became the world’s leading language, and which is considered as the Mother of Parliaments. 7 UNIT 1 THE ISLAND Pre-reading questions What is the name of the island group Britain belongs to? Where is it situated? What seas surround it? What kind of climate do you think Britain has? What is its surface like? What countries are situated on the islands? Which country are we going to study? Why? Location
The island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, constituting most of its territory: most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island, with their respective capital cities, London, Edinburgh, and Cardiff. (wikipedia, 2015) The Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the Union of Scotland and England in 1707. More than a hundred years before, in 1603, King James VI, King of Scots, had inherited the throne of England, but it was not until 1707 that the Parliaments of the two countries agreed to form a single kingdom. Subsequently, in 1801, Great Britain united with the neighboring Kingdom of Ireland, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. When five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom in 1922, the state was renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 1.2 National Symbols and Nation Building The nation is visible through its symbols (flags, anthems, emblems), ceremonies (national days,
*Model Parliament 1295 English parliament set up in 1295 by Edward I. It was the first to include representatives from outside the clergy and aristocracy. This parliament was established because Edward needed the support of the whole country against his opponents: Wales, France, and Scotland. His sole aim was to raise money for military purposes, and the parliament did not pass any legislation. It is thougt to be the model for all parliaments since it was supposed to be truly representative of the people. *The Welsh March Wales was divided between regions still under native rule and the lordships controlled by the castles of the Normans - between Pura Wallia and Marchia Wallie. The Norman lords of the March, while subjects of the English king, were not subject to the law of England. Their lands were like independent kingdoms whose rulers could hold courts, build castles and wage war
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