6. Misbehave (verb) halvasti käituma 7. Civil rights (noun) tsiviilõigused 8. Humiliating alandav 9. Infuriating vihale ajav 10. Emphasized rõhutatud 11. Auxiliary (adjective) aitav 12. Swearword (noun)- needus 13. Columnist (noun) publitsist 14. Publisher (noun) kirjastaja 15. Business manager (noun) ärijuht 16. Office manager (noun) büroojuhataja 17. Persuade (verb) keelitama 18. Express (verb) avaldama 19. Group (verb) rühmitama 20. Censorship (noun) tsensuur 21. Periodicals (noun) perioodikaväljaanded 22. Courage (noun) julgus 23. Common (adjective) üldine 24. Prosperity (noun) heaolu 25. Monotonous (adjective) monotoonne 26. Abroad (adverb) võõrsil 27. Broadcast (verb) levitama 28. Allowance (noun) mööndus 29. Gather (verb) koguma 30. Rhythm (noun) - rütm
my foot чепуха, бред take a stand занять определенную позицию dumb down упростить до абсурда illegible трудный для чтения gist of the article суть статьи illiterate необразованный человек manuscript рукопись outline of the story краткое содержание истории out of print вышло из печати circulation тираж to be subject to censorship подлежать цензуре target customer потенциальный клиент stare blankly at the screen тупо смотреть в экран to rush headlong бежать сломя голову invasion of privacy вмешательство в личную жизнь
7.5 Countering using "after all" "at least" "even so" both for concession and antithesis Why shouldn't they? If they're any good, then surely they'll survive. After all, these songs have been handed down for generations. What if the employers decide to introduce new working practices? After all, things can't remain the same for ever. The films we see on TV don't go that far. At least there's some censorship. But at least it's culture free. With Esperanto as the world language, no country would be accused of exporting both its language and its culture. Well, even so, why should the exact positions of the Sun, Moon and other planets on your date of birth have any connection whatsoever with your personality and the future course of your life? Even so, not all Third World countries are food producers. The hamburger
The Internet and Social Order KAROLIN PETERSON The Internet is, as of today, a fairly unrestricted medium where all sorts of information can be published and accessed. Do I think there should be any restrictions and censorship imposed relating to inappropriate or potentially dangerous content that could pose a threat to public safety? In my opinion there shouldn't be any kind of information that could danger people available online e.g you can easily find instructions how to build a bomb (smoke bomb, atomic bomb) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUakUPkbpU checking in online (e.g on facebook) shows where you are at the moment and that makes it easy for the burglars to know
However, opponents of this view say that newspapers do not always give correct information and facts are often falsely reported. Thus, they are not always appropriate learning material for students. On the whole, I believe that the existence of the free press is valuable to the society, as long as its power is used wisely and objectively in an effort to inform the public, rather than mislead it. The modern society would be considerably poorer if censorship was imposed by the government and as a result, the media would be a means of no importance.
Rubbish! It must be possible to compare living together with someone to living on your own. What about the question of independence? 6.2 Using irony to express disagreement Besides, the production lines are often highly mechanized. Come off it! Agriculture in the Third World is still fairly labour intensive. Spend more time in Rwanda and you'll understand what I mean. Come on! The films we see on TV don't go that far. At least there's some censorship. Besides, it's such a cruel way to kill them. Do you really think so? Once the first dog had caught up with the fox, death is fairly instant. 6.3 Dismissing an argument as irrelevant or improbable. I bet you can get traditional Spanish wines and beers! That isn't the point. I'm talking about soft drinks. That's highly debatable. Some of the exhibits you see from contemporary artists are no more than tins of baked beans and piles of bricks.
Selgus, et ei olnud nii negatiivset kui ka positiivset mõju. (6) Viited. 1. http://royal.pingdom.com/2012/02/16/almost-8-new-internet-users-added-worldwide- every-second-infographic/ 2. http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsensuur_internetis 3. http://www.emta.ee/index.php?id=27399&tpl=1049 4. www.triobet.ee/ 5. www.facebook.com/ 6. http://www.bodyspacesociety.eu/2012/04/26/would-online-censorship-be-effective- evidence-from-two-research-projects-prove-the-opposite/
were trying to determine his whereabouts. "Manhunt" on Assange, arguing that they were only based on comments by "anonymous government officials". Had been advised by his lawyers not to travel to the U.S. during that period. · Appearing for the first time in nearly a month - On 21 June 2010, he took part at a hearing in Brussels, Belgium, appearing in public for the first time in nearly a month. He was a member on a panel that discussed Internet censorship and expressed his worries over the recent filtering in countries such as Australia. · At the moment - Smith's Norfolk mansion, Ellingham Hall - Though an Australian citizen, Assange has not had a permanent address for several years. Assange has described himself as constantly on the move. He has lived for periods in Australia, Kenya and Tanzania, and began renting a house in Iceland.
Both options make sense. Underline the one which forms a common collocation. a) I do like Channel 4's reporting/coverage of the big sporting events. b) We do not have the book in stock. It is out of circulation/out of print. c) This report comes from our political correspondent/journalist, Edward Ross. d) The 'Sunday News' has the highest circulation/output of any newspaper in Britain. e) They are bringing out Sue's book in a new edition/publication soon. f) Are books subject to banning/censorship in your country? g) Through market research the advertising company identified their intended/target customer. h) They are very concerned with the image that the advert projects/gives. i) At least 50 members of the population/public wrote in to complain about the ad. j) He sits there for hour after hour, staring calmly/blankly at the screen. 6. Complete each space in the text with a word formed from the word in capitals. A man takes a single (1 SPOON) …….
Muidugi see näitab meile, milline olukord on Iraani ühiskonnas, kinodes ning mis ideed on just iraanlastest režissööridel, kuid kas keelatud filmid kuuluvad siiski Iraani kino alla. Kasutatud materjalid Golestan, E. 1965. Brick and Mirror [Film]. (20.04.2019) Panahi, J. 2000. The Circle [Film]. (20.04.2019) Recknagel, C. 14.02.2014. Islamic Revolution Can't Upstage Iranian Cinema. Radio Free Europe, Radio Liberty: https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-islamic-censorship- cinema/25259188.html (20.04.2019) Sadri, H. 2006 Iranian cinema: a political history. London, New York: I.B. Tauris. (20.04.2019)
htm http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Press_Releases/2010/6/comScore_Releases_May_2010_U.S._O nline_Video_Rankings http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nXmDxf7D_g#t=14m52s http://arabcrunch.com/2011/03/youtube-launches-local-version-for-algeria-egypt-jordan-morocco- saudi-arabia-tunisia-and-yemen.html http://www.webpronews.com/youtube-peru-launched-expansion-continues-2012-03 http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/86446--g 11 http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Turks-censor-YouTube-censorship-3290636.php Muusika industrioon http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1549399/hot-100-news-billboard-and-nielsen-add-youtube- video-streaming-to-platforms http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/05/09/youtube_subscription_channels/ Tulu statistika http://techcrunch.com/2007/05/04/youtube-launches-revenue-sharing-partners-program-but-no-pre- rolls/ http://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/4062810/youtube-partners-complain-revenue-sharing-google- ads http://www.independent.co
3. Article 1, Law on Elections of Deputies to the State Duma, Federal Law of 18 May 2005 No. 51-F3, at http://www.russiavotes.org/duma/duma_election_law.php) 4. Basedau, M. (2005). A Preliminary Inquiry into the Causes of One-Party Dominance in Contemporary Sub-Saharan Africa, Paper prepared for the Panel "Dominant Parties and Democracy" at the biannual ECPR-Conference in Budapest/Hungary 5. Bessudnov, A. (2008). Index on Censorship, 37(1), 183-189, 6. Colton, T.J., McFault, M. (2003). Popular Choice and Managed Democracy. The Russian Elections of 1999 and 2000, Washington: Brookings Institution Press 7. Fish, S. (2001). Putin's Path, The Journal of Democracy, 12(4), 71-78 8. Gel'man, V. (2006), From Feckless Pluralism to Dominant Power Politics?, The Transformation of Russia's Party System", 13(4), 545561 9. Gel'man, V. (2008)
mis kajastab juhtkondade baase 14. Protesters will hoist their placards and start chanting protestijad heiskavad enda plakatid ja hakkavad skandeerima. 15. high priority on profitable operations kõrge prioriteet kasulikkudel operatsioonidel 16. are under relentless pressure on järelejätmata pressi all 17. Most overseas bureaus have been replaced enamik ülemere büroosid on asendatud. 18. large commercial subsidiaries suured reklaami lisad 19. rigorous self-censorship karm enese-eelkontroll 20. delegates at a negotiation will find they understand volinikud nõupidamisel saavad kokkuleppele
material that weekend as on a normal one; the GY log shows at least 28 messages in PURPLE alone handled that Sunday. And these messages were processed much more expeditiously than at any other time in the past, Kramer said. The cryptanalysts had done their duty, and had done it superbly. Events now passed out of their hands. In Tokyo, the President's message to the Emperor had finally been delivered to Grew after a delay of ten hours. The chief of the censorship office had ordered that all foreign cables be held up for five hours one day and ten hours the next. The order had been issued at the request of a lieutenant colonel on the general staff, who asked that this be done "as a precaution." The President's "triple priority" message arrived on one of the ten-hour days, was stalled for the required time, and was finally delivered at 10:30 p.m., Tokyo time. Grew immediately arranged for a meeting with Togo and, when the
London also grew in importance under the Tudor rule. As the Roman Catholic Church didn't give Henry VIII a divorce he wanted, he changed the entire religion of England. He also started to build ships, as Britain's navy expanded and Britain began exploring the world. Henry VIII also united England and Wales. During the reign of Elizabeth I, London was a wealthy and successful city. Culture was very important. London's first theatre " The Theatre" was opened in 1576. To escape censorship by the City's Lord Mayor the Globe and the Rose theatres were rebuilt in Southwark, in an area then largely occupied by prisons and bear pits. Stuart London 1603-1649; 1660-1714 In 1603 when James the IV of Scotland became James I of Scotland and England, he united the two countries under one king. In 1642 the Civil War broke out between supporters of the king and parliamentary forces, led by Oliver Cromwell. King Charles I lost the war and was beheaded in London in 1649.
Tsvetaeva and Boris Pasternak. This era produced some first-rate novelists and short-story writers, such as Aleksandr Kuprin, Nobel Prize winner Ivan Bunin, Leonid Andreyev, Fyodor Sologub, Aleksey Remizov, Yevgeny Zamyatin, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Andrei Bely. After the Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and white émigré parts. While the Soviet Union assured universal literacy and a highly developed book printing industry, it also enforced ideological censorship. In the 1930s Socialist realism became the predominant trend in Russia. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. Nikolay Ostrovsky's novel How the Steel Was Tempered has been among the most successful works of Russian literature. Alexander Fadeyev achieved success in Russia. Various émigré writers, such as poets Vladislav Khodasevich, Georgy Ivanov and Vyacheslav Ivanov; novelists such as Mark Aldanov, Gaito Gazdanov and Vladimir Nabokov; and short
These machines could print 1,100 sheets per hour, but workers could only set 2,000 letters per hour. Monotype and linotype typesetting machines were introduced in the late 19th century. They could set more than 6,000 letters per hour and an entire line of type at once. The centuries after the 15th century were thus spent on improving both the printing press and the conditions for freedom of the press through the gradual relaxation of restrictive censorship laws. See also intellectual property, public domain, copyright. In mid-20th century, European book production had risen to over 200,000 titles per year. Book structure Scheme of common book design 1. Belly band 2. Flap 3. Endpaper 4. Book cover 5. Top edge 6. Fore edge 7. Tail edge 8. Right page, recto 9. Left page, verso 10. Gutter The common structural parts of a book include:
Shostakovich involved. Trying to keep things open. Trying to cope with past. Babi Yar kolmkend neli. Töötasid koos? Dimensions big. Shastakovich, symphony 34. From above vs below. SU whatever state says, goes; monolithic. This, however, is nonsensical. Beria, KGB head, repudiated Doctor's Plot. Beria the one political victim of this period. July 53. Diplomatic relations w IL reinstated. Cut off Feb 53, bomb in SU Embassy, Tel Aviv (no one arrested, charged). SU begins to remove censorship between SU Js and Js abroad. Over course of 50s, Js returned to political or professional posts, as anti-cosmopolitan campaign winding down. Anti-cos, mostly anti-J campaign in Pravda, against political and prof posts; people w dual-loyalties, more to world, too many contacts w people outside SU. Question loyalty to socialism. Vast disproportion w J-sounding names. Ended 50s. Mid-50s, almost complete cessation of anti-Semitic statements from above. Resurrection of state
18th C, London cultural mecca of the Augustan age, great urban development, the city of enlightenment, scientific revolution. Cultural efforescence linked with remarkable economic and financial boom (ordinary people better off). Emergence of professional writer (A.Pope) -> because there was audience like never before („middling sort” – merchant and professional classes). New cultural activity thanks to: paper, printers, publishers, engravers, printsellers. In 1695 lapse of Licencing Act, censorship ceased, Stationers’ Company lost its monopoly. By the 1720 publishing industry scatterd through the city. Provincial press also expanded. Thus, emergence of magazines (the Tatler, the Spectator – foundation stones of early georgian cultural attitudes, then Gentleman’s Magazine, Universal Magazine), journals (Connoisseur, Critical review), everywhere newspapers came into being. Publishing explosion released a flood of prints, trade cards, illustrated books
Titles 184 Clothes 186 Trappings 190 Defense 191 Authoritative Authority 191 Sly Sincerity 192 Summary 195 Study Questions 196 CHAPTER 7 Scarcity: The Rule of the Few 198 Less Is Best and Loss Is Worst 199 Limited Numbers 200 Time Limits 207 Psychological Reactance 203 Adult Reactance: Love, Guns, and Suds 206 Censorship 210 Optimal Conditions 213 New Scarcity: Costlier Cookies and Civil Conflict 213 Competition for Scarce Resources: Foolish Fury 217 Defense 221 Summary 225 Study Questions 226 CHAPTER 8 Instant Influence: Primitive Consent for an Automatic Age 227 Primitive Automaticity 228 Modern Automaticity 230 Shortcuts Shall Be Sacred 231 Summary 233
government and local government institutions and courts -- almost all German and Estonian employees were replaced with Russians without knowledge of any other language. Getting a job in a government office became very difficult for non-Russians. Many educated Estonians were compelled to leave their country and seek work in Russia: by the early 20th century, several Estonian colonies had formed in Russian towns, the biggest being in St Petersburg. The central power tightened its censorship and control over both German and Estonian national organisations; some societies and newspapers were closed down. Besides the farmers' societies propagating innovative work and land cultivation methods, the authorities only allowed temperance, educational and fire brigade societies. By Russifying the Baltic peoples, the central power aimed to eliminate the dominating German influence in that area; prevent the separatism of the indigenous peoples and the
Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal's "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit. NATIONAL AND IMPERIAL CHANGE The new ruler, Queen Maria I of Portugal, disliked the Marquis because of the power he amassed, and never forgave him for the ruthlessness at which he dispatched the Távora family, and upon her accession to the throne, she withdrew all his political offices. Pombal died on his estate at Pombal in 1782. In the autumn of 1807, Napoleon moved French troops through Spain to invade Portugal.
their assumptions. · Belief in inherent morality Members believe in the rightness of their cause and therefore ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions. · Stereotyped views of out-groups Negative views of "enemy" make effective responses to conflict seem unnecessary. · Direct pressure on dissenters Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group's views. · Self-censorship Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed. · Illusion of unanimity The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous. · Self-appointed `mindguards' Members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group's cohesiveness, view, and/or decisions. Grupimõtlemise vältimine: välispilk ja kriitiline vaade Remedies for Groupthink. Decision experts have determined that groupthink may be
• Belief in inherent morality – Members believe in the rightness of their cause and therefore ignore the ethical or moral consequences of their decisions. • Stereotyped views of out-groups – Negative views of “enemy” make effective responses to conflict seem unnecessary. • Direct pressure on dissenters – Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group’s views. • Self-censorship – Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed. • Illusion of unanimity – The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous. • Self-appointed ‘mindguards’ – Members protect the group and the leader from information that is problematic or contradictory to the group’s cohesiveness, view, and/or decisions. Grupimõtlemise vältimine: välispilk ja kriitiline vaade Remedies for Groupthink
Tartu 1994, lk 59-72. Aru, K. "Päevaleht 1905-1941". Päevaleht ja tema ajastu. Tallinn 2005. Tsensuur Tsensuuri mõistest Mis on tsensuur? Mõistet on püütud defineerida, kuid nii nagu paljud teisedki kultuuri- ja ühiskonnanähtused, satuvad definitsioonid tihti iseendaga vastuollu. Tsensuurist on pikemalt arutlenud Michael Scammell vene kirjanduse professor USAs Cornelli ülikoolis, temalt ilmus Solzenitsõni biograafia, ka toimetas ta 1971-80 ajakirja Index on Censorship. Vt Looming 1991, nr 2. Sealt ka järgnev: Süstemaatiline tsensuur sai alguse Vana-Roomas, kus tsensor pidi maksustamise tarvis kodanike seisundi ja sissetuleku kindlaks tegema ja valvama avaliku kõlbluse üle. St ta pidi tõkestama avalikku sündsusetust, ketserlust ja riigivastasust. Tsensuuri rakendamine Euroopas on olnud eelkõige seotud kiriku tõusu ja langusega. Tsensuuri kui institutsiooni kujunemisele andis tõuke trükikunsti leiutamine Gutenbergi poolt 15. saj keskpaiku
the Soviet prison camps. The sweeping deportation action in June 1941 wiped out any illusions about the communist rule. During the first Soviet year, approximately 19,000 Estonian citizens were deported. The reshaping of the national spirit and way of thinking into a Soviet mould was declared the essential goal. Cultural life was subordinated to the Communist Party leadership. All publishing houses were nationalised and censorship was established. The Central Board for Printed Materials (Goskomizdat) drew up a list of prohibited literature; with only a few exceptions the titles on the list had to be done away with: about five million books were destroyed.3 In Soviet Estonia the transformation of artistic life was directed by the Board of Arts at the Ministry of Culture (headed by Johannes Semper) and guided by Communist 1 Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, signed 23 Aug. 1939. 2 28 Sept. 1939. 3
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