first Estonian constitution, for its authors tried to avoid the concentration of power in one person's hands by all means possible. Estonia's constitution was amended in 1933, transforming the country from a parliamentary to a presidential state. The head of state, according to the new constitution, was also called the State Elder. Konstantin Päts became the first person to bear this title. His term was to last for six years, but ended short as Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 Konstantin Päts Lennart Meri Took office 6 October 1992 and left office 8 October 2001 ARNOLD Rüütel He took office 8 October 2001 and left office 9 October 2006 The current President is Toomas Hendrik Ilves elected by an electoral body on 23 September 2006.
1884 The blue-black-and-white flag of Estonian Students' Society was consecrated 24 February 1918 the birth of the Republic of Estonia 23 June 1919 victory over Landeswehr in the Battle of Võnnu 2 February 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty with Russians 1920-1940 independent Republic of Estonia 23 August 1939 Molotov and Ribbentrop sign secret protocols according to which Estonia is annexed to Soviet sphere of influence 1945-1991 Soviet occupation 1988 Activities of Popular Front and the Singing Revolution 19-21 August 1991 coup d'état in Soviet Union 20 August 1991 Estonia declares independence and is recognised by about 40 countries. 1992 New constitution is adopted, money reform, Estonia is admitted to Council of Europe 1997 European Union starts accession negotiations
population of 3.83 million. Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different languages . Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos". The city is divided into many neighborhoods, many of which were incorporated places or communities that were annexed by the city. Generally, the city is divided into the following areas: Downtown Los Angeles, The Eastside and Northeast Los Angeles, South Los Angeles , the Harbor Area, Hollywood, Wilshire, the Westside and the San Fernando and Crescenta Valleys. Important landmarks in Los Angeles include Chinatown, Koreatown, Little Tokyo, Walt Disney Concert Hall, Kodak Theatre, Griffith Observatory, Getty Center, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Grauman's
surrounded by vast mountain ranges, deep valleys, forests, desert, and the Pacific Ocean. Los Angeles is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million. Los Angeles is home to people from more than 140 countries speaking 224 different languages. The city is divided into over 80 districts and neighborhoods, many of which were incorporated places or communities that were annexed by the city. Generally, the city is divided into the following areas: Downtown Los Angeles, The Eastside and Northeast Los Angeles, South Los Angeles , the Harbor Area, Greater Hollywood, Wilshire, the Westside and the San Fernando and Crescenta Valleys. Important landmarks in Los Angeles include Walt Disney Concert Hall, Kodak Theatre, Griffith Observatory, Getty Center, Getty Villa, Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Grauman's Chinese Theatre,
Tallinn expedition as there's a superb observation deck, halfway up its 124m structure offering the city's best views of the Old Town (it's a long and narrow climb up, though). My Birthplace Kuressaare weather Sport plays an important role in Estonian culture. Estonia first competed as a nation at the 1920 Summer Olympics, although the National Olympic Committee was established in 1923. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940. The 1980 Summer Olympics Sailing regatta was held in the capital city Tallinn. After regaining independence in 1991, Estonia has participated in all Olympics. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing. The list of notable Estonian athletes include wrestlers Kristjan Palusalu, Voldemar Väli and Georg Lurich, skiers
the United Kingdom. In 1066, William of Normandy brought a feudal system, where he sought the advice of a council before making laws. In 1215, this council got the Magna Carta from King John, which established that the king may not levy or collect any taxes , save with the consent of his royal council, which slowly developed into a parliament. In 1265, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester called the first elected Parliament. The Laws in Wales Acts of 153542 annexed Wales as part of England and brought Welsh representatives to Parliament. Groundbreaking women in Parliament Countess Constance de Markievicz(first female MP elected in 1918). Nancy Astor was the first elected female MP to take up her seat in Parliament (1919). She was the Conservative MP for Plymouth Sutton until 1945. Margaret Bondfield was the first woman to hold a ministerial position in government.
Christianity in Roman Britain - Christianity became the state religion of Roman Empire in 4.century. Boadicea(Boudicca) was the queen of the British Iceni tribe who led an uprising against the occupying forces of the Roman Empire. Boudica's husband Prasutagus, ruler of the Iceni tribe, who had ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome, left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and the Roman Emperorin his will. However, when he died, his will was ignored --the kingdom was annexed as if conquered, Boudica was flogged, her daughters were raped, and Roman financiers called in their loans. Obviously Boudicca was not happy about it and start an uprising. Boudicca's revolt was in 60-62 AD. Druids A druid was a member of a priestly class in Britain, Ireland, Gaul and possibly other parts of Celtic Europe and Galatia during the Iron Age and possibly earlier. Very little is known about the ancient druids because they left no written accounts about themselves
Revolution in the United States and the German Empire presented an increasing challenge to Britain's role as leader of the global economy. The flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Flag (also referred to as the Union Jack). It was first created in 1606 by the superimposition of the Flag of England on the Flag of Scotland and updated in 1801 with the addition of Saint Patrick's Flag. Wales is not represented in the Union Flag as Wales had been conquered and annexed to England prior to the formation of the United Kingdom; the possibility of redesigning the Union Flag to include representation of Wales has not been completely ruled out.[436] The national anthem of the United Kingdom is "God Save the King", with "King" replaced with "Queen" in the lyrics whenever the monarch is a woman. Britannia is a national personification of the United Kingdom, originating from Roman Britain.
Declaration of Independence was issued in February 1918. The Estonian War of Independence ensued on two fronts between the newly proclaimed state and Bolshevist Russia to the east and the Baltic German forces (the Baltische Landeswehr) to the south, resulting in the Tartu Peace Treaty recognising Estonian independence in perpetuity. • In 1939-1940, Estonia was occupied and (according to e.g. the USA, the EU, and the European Court of Human Rights) illegally annexed by the Soviet Union as a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. During the war Estonia was occupied b yNazi Germany in 1941, then reoccupied by the Soviet Union in 1944. Estonia regained independence in 1991 after the collapse of the USSR and joined the European Union in 2004. Rivers, Lakes, Waterfalls Estonia is a country of thousand of lakes. In the Estonian territory there are about 1200 natural lakes whose water area exceeds 1 ha. The largest of these is Lake
Jonathan Dekel-Chen lectures, Jews in the USSR, 1917-2000 1937 census didn't get published. 1939, pretty accurate for Js. 3.1 mill Js in pre- Molotov-Ribbentrop area. 1939, 2.2 mill. Js not shy about declaring Jewishness. Inherits 1.3 mill in Poland. Similar # annexed by Germ. 250,000 in Lithuania. 330,000 Bessarabia. Back to pre-1917 #s of Sov Jewry. 5 ½ mill of pre-war levels. Pre-mature deaths during famine of '21-'22, '31-'33, 7 years of war, emigration up to 1924 (vast majority to West, 3rd and 4th aliyahs). J pop growth still significant, high birth rates, but pop static. Grows more in SU than anywhere else few leaving, pop growth significant. Vast majority in W borderlands. Very few emigrate during year and a half from annexed areas.
'Oliwer Twist' and 'The Pickwick Papers' The 20th c. The House of SaxeCoburgGotha 19011910 King Edward VII an able monarch, Queen Victoria's eldest son 19101936 King George V changed the family name to Windsor in 1917 World War I 19141918 'It will be over by Christmas' (wrong) the Allies vs. Germany,AustriaHungary,Turkey Fighting for independence in Ireland Easter Monday 1916, uprising 1921 the Irish Free State ( changed into the Republic of Ireland in 1949 NorthernIreland remains annexed to the UK The General Strike 4.May 1926 in support of the miners the only one in British history Fighting for the right to vote suffrage all men&women over 21 got the right to vote in 1928 Emmeline Pankhurst(died in 1928) a fighter for women's rights, especially voting 1936 A sensation! Edward XIII changes royal history abdicated (vabatahtlikult troonist loobuma) to marry Mrs Wallis Simpson (divorcee from the USA) his brother becomes George VI( (19361952) > the present Queen's father
2 Christianize the Estonians. By 1227 the Danes controlled northern Estonia; the Livonian Knights, southern Estonia. The Teutonic Knights, another German crusading order, gained control of southern Estonia in 1237 and later conquered all of Estonia. The Teutonic Knights withdrew from Estonia in 1560. Sweden and Poland then fought for control of Estonia; in 1629, Sweden won and annexed the region. Peter I of Russia conquered Estonia in 1710, and in 1721 Sweden formally recognized Russian possession of the region. Russia remained in control of Estonia until shortly after the Bolshevik revolution of 1917. At the treaty of Brest-Litovsk the following year, which brought an end to Russian involvement in World War I, Estonia was ceded. The new Soviet government at first refused to recognize Estonian independence but gave way in February 1920.
guarantees. These guarantees freed for Iraq hard cash to continue buying and developing the weapons of mass destruction. 1990s Between July 18 and August 1 the Bush Administration approved $4.8 million in advanced technology sales to Iraq's weapons ministry and to weapons labs that were known to have worked on biological, chemical and nuclear weapons. On 2 nd August 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait despite warnings from the US and Egypt, it conquered and annexed Kuwait. Iraq did not respond to US, to Arabian and to UN warnings to withdraw from Kuwait. The United Nation's allies led by the USA launched operation Desert Storm in February 1991, successfully reversing the invasion of Kuwait. However, the US did not try to remove Saddam Hussein from power and allowed him to suppress Kurdish and Shi'a revolts. According to former U.S. intelligence officials, the CIA orchestrated a
philologists and other linguists as the first attested Celtic language. From later 2011, Tartessian was classified as a Celtic language. Prior to later 2011, the linguistic mainstream continued to treat Tartessian as an unclassified language, and Koch's view of the evolution of Celtic was not then generally accepted. ROMAN LUSITANIA AND GALLAECIA The first Roman invasion of the Iberian Peninsula occurred in 219 BC. Within 200 years, almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the Roman Republic. The Carthaginians, Rome's adversary in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies. The Roman conquest of what is now part of modern day Portugal took almost two hundred years and took many lives of young soldiers and the lives of those who were sentenced to a quick death in the slavery mines when not sold as slaves to other parts of the empire. It suffered a severe setback
Chapter 2 The history of the Netherlands 2.1 1st dated historical facts Historical accounts of the Netherlands date from the 1st century BC, when Roman forces led by Julius Caesar conquered most of the present area of the country. At the time the region was inhabited by Frisians, a Germanic tribe that lived in the north, and by other Germanic and minor Celtic tribes. (3) 2.2 The Roman Era Before the conquest, the Romans had annexed lands to the southeast extending beyond the Rhine River. They penetrated the Netherlands region mainly to control the several mouths of the Rhine, which were then farther to the north than they are now. Under Roman rule, general peace and prosperity prevailed for more than 250 years. Roman traders entered the area freely, selling products from Italy and Gaul. The Romans built temples, established a number of large farms, and introduced their civilization to the region.
States of America further contributed to the decline of British industrial supremacy. *The British expansion in the Pacific area In the early 19th century the London Missionary Society sent missionaries to Tahiti and Tonga, years later the Church Missionary Society undertook the conversion of Melanesia. In the late 19th century High Commissioner for the Western Pasific claimed jurisdiction over all the islands of Polynesia and Melanesia, which were not yet annexed by other powers and took up residence in Fiji. Years later the High Commission authority extended to many other islands in the Pasific area and organized a new colony of Southern Oceania. *The British presence in Egypt and Sudan Ismail of Egypt was forced to sell Egypt's share in the canal to the British government. This led to the establishments of British and French controllers who were the real power in the government. Fearing a diminishment of
Chiense wars In 1881 Muhammad Ahmad, Mahdi, a Muslim leader and founder of the Mahdiya brotherhood in Islam, proclaimed holy war to purify Islam and overran Sudan General Gordon went to Sudan to ecacute Egyptian force, was revolted and died martyr´s death The British Expansion in East Africa In 19 C the Sultan of Zanzibar received a strip of ten miels broad along the coast which British east Africa Company leased Zanzibar (an island) was annexed and recoginsed as British protectorate. In following years protectorate was established over Uganda In 1895 British east Africa became a protectorate The British expansion in West Africa In 19 C the Dutch governments sold their Gold Coast forts to Britain and along with hinterland In 1885 The Berlin Conference attempted to regularize the process of occupation in Africa, on the contrary opened the continent to European invaders
world’s richest manufacturing country, the world’s workshop. The British ruled the seas, and were the world’s greatest traders. Although Britain lost the American colonies in 1783, it gained new territories abroad. Captain James Cook claimed Australia and New Zealand (first visited by the Dutch in the seventeenth century) for Britain in 1770. In 1788 the British government 79 began to send convicts to Australia. Free settlers arrived there later. New Zealand was annexed in 1840. A Rapid Expansion During the Napoleonic Wars Britain took over and occupied a number of places. Among them were Malta and the Ionian Islands in the Mediterranean, Sierra Leone and Cape Colony in Africa, Ceylon, Mauritius and Singapore in the Indian Ocean, Guiana in northern South America, St. Lucia and Trinidad in the West Indies. Britain promptly recognized the independence of several South American
People were killed in people, in certain chambers, by bullet in the head. Whole generation of children lost their parents, became beggars and homeless. Stalin shot the children above the age of 12 (not all, mostly young criminals). Result, 37-41, 11 million people were repressed, killed. - Crime against humanity - a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack: Murder; Extermination Hitler annexed Austria, occupied tshehhoslovakkia. MRP - stalin initiated it, devided europe Soviet union and hitler against Poland - Crime of aggression by two sides. Russia attacked finland, called them fascist, but finns fought back. The league labelled Russia as an aggressor - Crimes of aggression, invading foreign territories, attacking them, bombardment of Helsinki. League of Nations recognized the Soviet Union as an aggressor after them attacking Finland
HOL_6012 EU Internal Market/Group Work 3: Free Movement of Capital 1. How is capital defined for the purposes of free movement of capital? What difficulties does the definition present? Give examples of what capital movement may mean under EU law. The treaty on the functioning of the EU does not define the term `movements of capital'. In the absence of a definition, the Court of Justice of the European Union has held that the definitions in the nomenclature annexed to Directive 88/361/EEC can be used to define that term. According to these definitions, cross-border capital movements include: foreign direct investments (FDI) real estate investments or purchases securities investments (e.g. in shares, bonds, bills, unit trusts) granting of loans and credit other operations with financial institutions, including personal capital operations such as dowries, legacies, endowments, etc.
The Estonians, our Finno-Ugric forefathers settled here in approximately 5,000 BC from northern Russia and the Urals, as fishermen and hunters. They called themselves “rural people”, the term “Estonians” started to spread three centuries ago, taking firm root in the middle of the 19th century. From the 13th century onwards the ancient Estonians had to continually fight for their freedom, against the Danes, Germans, Swedes, Poles and Russians. The Russians annexed the Estonian territory from Sweden after the Great Northern War in 1721 by the Treaty of Nystad. After the fall of Tsarist Russia in 1917, Estonians fought for their independence, and in 1918 the Republic of Estonia was established and endured until 1940. In the summer of that year the Soviet Union occupied all three Baltic states. As a result of the deep inner crisis within the Soviet Empire it became possible to re-establish the Estonian Republic in August 1991
to believe me capable of that. After abusing you so abominably to your face, I could have no scruple in abusing you to all your relations." "What did you say of me, that I did not deserve? For, though your accusations were ill- founded, formed on mistaken premises, my behaviour to you at the time had merited the severest reproof. It was unpardonable. I cannot think of it without abhorrence." "We will not quarrel for the greater share of blame annexed to that evening," said Elizabeth. "The conduct of neither, if strictly examined, will be irreproachable; but since then, we have both, I hope, improved in civility." "I cannot be so easily reconciled to myself. The recollection of what I then said, of my conduct, my manners, my expressions during the whole of it, is now, and has been many months, inexpressibly painful to me. Your reproof, so well applied, I shall never forget: 'had you behaved in a more gentlemanlike manner
annaabi.ee 
