· Took about 20% of England's land for himself · Showing that it was the primary source of power · Demanded a large feudal army from the barons · England came to resemble the feudal monarchy of France · Built around 500 castles · Against local uprisings and foreign invasions · Used Saxon institutions to great advantage · Demanded from each freeman a personal oath of loyalty · Took precedence over feudal oaths vassals paid their lords · Result: strengthening ties of loyalty to the king · Continued to collect the only non-feudal tax in Western Europe · Based on the Danegeld · Allowed the Church to set up its own independent court system · Kept tight control of the elections bishops, archbishops and abbots · Saw them as his ministers · Entrusted them with much local power and responsibility · Used the Anglo-Saxon officials, earls and sheriffs to look after the king's
4. What was civic democracy in Medieval society? Civic democracy was called feudalism. It comes from the Latin word feodum or feudum. It is a structure in society, which includes higher ups that had land or could afford protection for themselves and fo those, who could not afford it and people working for them in a way that benefits everyone in the society. It is similar to a pyramid scheme. The 3 main classes that held this structure together were lords, vassals and fiefs. There is a common saying from that time period as well - my vassals vassal is not my vassal. It meant that the vassal was only responsible for the person working directly under them and not for the person working under their worker. Then into the play also came division of labour and how to produce more than you can consume, so to gain profit. Corporations inside the cities were made and guilds were formed
weres and rest. They stayed there and heard one day about emperor's daugher Constance who was very beautiful and humble woman who followed the rules of Christianity and was always faithful to God. When merchants went to Syria's sultan, and told him tales of beautiful Constance, Sultan fell in love and wanted to marry with her. But then came legal difficulties in his way. He had to be christened and all his vassals too. In all this, Constance was really sad because she did not wanted to marry with Sultan. Sultan's mother also was not happy when she became aware of Sultan's intending to renounce prescriptions of Alkoran. Constance left for Syria with a boat and sailed for days without eating and drinking. Withstanded thanks to God. She was founded by Dame Hermnengild's husband. Dame Hermengild saved Constance because he felt sorry for her. Dame took Constance to his wife who was very careful woman
dynasties, yet both of these institutions proved strong enough to survive and assimilate the invaders. The coming of Cambro-Norman mercenaries under Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, nicknamed Strongbow, in 1169 marked the beginning of more than 700 years of direct Norman and, later, English involvement in Ireland. The English crown did not begin asserting full control of the island until after the English Reformation, when questions over the loyalty of Irish vassals provided the initial impetus for a series of military campaigns between 1534 and 1691. This period was also marked by an English policy of plantation which led to the arrival of thousands of English and Scottish Protestant settlers. As the military and political defeat of Gaelic Ireland became more clear in the early seventeenth century, the role of religion as a new division in Ireland became more pronounced. From this period on, sectarian conflict became a recurrent theme in Irish history.
keep their land. Feudalism William gave parts of his conquered land to his captains around the country to avoid rebellions and uprisings. He also kept some land to himself to make sure his was much stronger than his nobles. Of all the farmland half went to his nobles, quarter to church and fifth he kept to himself. William organised the English kingdom according to feudal system. The main purpose of using that system was economic. King gave the land to "vassals" in return of army services and goods. When a noble dies, his son took over the estate. When there was no family, the land went back to king who could give it to another noble or just keep it for a few years. In 1086 he wanted to know exactly who was using his land and how much it produced so he could organise and plan economy and taxes. People called the book with all that information `the Domesday book'. And it still exists. Kingship: a family business
while l was waiting for ships to come to your high presence with victory and with great news of gold, being very secure and joyful, I was made a prisoner and with my two brothers was thrown into a ship, laden with fetters, stripped to the skin, very ill-treated, and without being tried or condemned. Who will believe that a poor foreigner could in such a place rise against Your Highnesses, without cause, and without the support of some other prince, and being alone among your vassals and natural subjects, and having all my children at your royal court? I came to serve at the age of twenty-eight years, and now I have not a hair on my body that is not gray and my body is infirm, and whatever remained to me from those years of service has been spent and taken away from me and sold, and from my brothers, down to my very coat, without my being heard or seen, to my great dishonor. It must be believed that this was not done by your royal command. The
In the 1930s some local spiritualists made several attempts to contact the troubled spirit of a monk who had been the town executioner in his earlier life.They failed, perhaps because the monk's ghost must have spoken Latin. As Tallinn has two "legs" of different length, it is sometimes humorously called "a limping town". Right from the Danish Conquest Toompea started to develop into the centre of provincial authority, clergy and nobility in Northern Estonia. Most of the vassals chose Toompea for their residence – living in their estates in the conquered countryside was deemed too dangerous; by the end of the 13th century the Great Castle was densely populated. Toompea has a radial net of streets – all streets start at the Dome Church Square and stretch to the walls of the fortifications. In 1684 Toompea suffered the most devastating fire of its history. Toompea had been affected by fires in earlier years, but the fire of 1684 was much larger in
Under them were the peasants, tied by a strict system of mutual duties and obligations to the local lord, and forbidden to travel without his permission. The peasants were English speaking Saxons. The lords and the barons were French-speaking Normans. There were two basic principles to feudalism: every man had a lord, and every lord had land. The king was connected through this `chain' of people to the lowest man in the country. On the other hand, each lord had responsibilities to his vassals. He had to give them land and protection. William faced serious resistance in his early years as king. The people of northern England, helped by Danish force, revolted in 1069. William crushed this rising mercilessly. But stories were later written about Hereward the Wake, a heroic Saxon rebel, who resisted the Normans in the Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire. The Normans built many stone churches, including St. Bartholomew-the-Great in London
William I, also known as William the Conqueror, replaced King Harold on the throne The invasion was completed by 1071 - The Norman invasion is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry a long embroidered cloth The death of King Harold embroidered on the Bayeux Tapestry The Norman England William I ensured his power by dividing the land into parts and making 1/7 of it a royal domain He made his nobles swear an oath of allegiance and become his vassals Died in 1087 while fighting in France, was succeeded by his third son, William II Rufus William II was very unpopular: - Problems with the church - Increased taxes and claimed the money of many positions of the church William the Conqueror began building the Tower of London one of the most notorious prisons in the world After William II died in 1100 due to an incident while hunting, the throne was claimed by his brother, Henry I
provisions for a college or court. Despite his lack of education, this Manciple is smarter than the thirty lawyers he feeds. The Reeve ( est: Inns of Courti TOIDUOSTJA): Describe his appearance , skills, relationship with his workers and superiors. How has he made his fortune? Where is he from? A reeve was similar to a steward of a manor, and this reeve performs his job shrewdly-- his lord never loses so much as a ram to the other employees, and the vassals under his command are kept in line. However, he steals from his master. The Summoner (est: KOHTUKUBJAS): Describe his looks and personality and his sins. The Summoner brings persons accused of violating Church law to ecclesiastical court. This Summoner is a lecherous man whose face is scarred by leprosy. He gets drunk frequently, is irritable, and is not particularly qualified for his position. He spouts the few words of Latin he knows in an attempt to sound educated.
the site of the present cathedral. However, a serious conflict with the Order of the Brothers of the Sword broke out soon as the latter wanted to gain control of the entire Estonia. The order succeeded in subordinating Tallinn and the whole of North Estonia to its rule in 1227. The monks of the Dominican Order began the construction of a stone church in Toompea in 1229. The first written data on the cathedral date back to 1233, the date of a battle between the order and the pro-papal vassals, who attempted for the last time to turn Tallinn into the centre of the ecclesiastical state, and were defeated. According to the records, the battle had spread to the interior of the church and the bodies of the fallen knights had piled at the altar. The resettling of the Dominican monks from Toompea to downtown was one of the results of the battle. Having acquired North Estonia again in 1238, King Valdemar of Denmark appointed
Gradually over the next centuries the whole region came to be called the Low Countries, or Netherlands, including present-day Belgium. (3) 7 During the 9th and 10th centuries Scandinavian raiders, called Vikings, frequently invaded the coastal areas, sailing far up the rivers in search of loot. The need for a stronger system of defenses against such marauders gradually led to an increase in the power of the local rulers and their vassals, the nobles, who were largely a warrior class. Concurrently, the towns began to grow in importance, as artisans and merchants settled in them and improved their defenses. The gradual development of powerful towns was a notable feature of Dutch history during the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, and the area became an important trading centre. Under the leadership of wealthy merchants the towns began to challenge the power of the nobles who ruled the countryside
Monasteries became centres of wealth & learning. Priests couldn't be married any longer. A new movement, the ,,brotherhood" of friars, wandering preachers, appeared. They were not interested in church power, but in the souls of ordinary people. Dealing with the Celts. William I had allowed his lords to win land in Wales. These Normans built castles, mixed with the Welsh. It was a new class, mixture of Norman & Welsh rulers who spoke Norman French & Welsh but not English. They became vassals of the English king. The Welsh who lived around Snowdon were free from English rule. They were led by Llywelyn ap Gruffyd, who tried to be independent. Ed I was determined to bring Wales completely under his control. The English army invaded Wales in 1277. Llywelyn was killed & in 1284 he united Wales with England. Split Wales into 6 counties, encouraged English settlers to go there. In 1301 gave his own baby son Edward (later Edward II) the title of Prince of Wales. From that
Reasons_ Growth of population in Vikings home landin many european countries from 850´s onwards In Ireland, ScotlandWales and Cornwall- mainly Norwegian, in English, Frankish lands- Danish 9th C invaded England, conquered all nothern, Feudalism, manor system Feudalism- social system of rights and dutie based on land tenure and personal relationship The basis- holding land, Main purpose- economy King was the owner of the whole land, land was held by vassals, greater nobles gave part of their land to smaller, system developed mailny in 9th C, loyal dynasties became independent and started to build up small territorial states Manor system- political, economical, social system, peasants depended on their land and lord The head of the society was the lord of the manor, part of his land was rent out or by military Peasants who held a land and field, were attached tot heir land, paid for in money or labour
Dialectal differentiation accelerated after the breakup of Kievan Rus' in approximately 1100. On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian. They became distinct since the 13th century, i.e. following the division of that land between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland and Hungary in the west and independent Novgorod and Pskov feudal republics plus numerous small duchies (which came to be vassals of the Tatars) in the east. The official language in Moscow and Novgorod, and later, in the growing Muscovy, was Church Slavonic, which evolved from Old Church Slavonic and remained the literary language for centuries, until the Petrine age, when its usage became limited to biblical and liturgical texts. Russian developed under a strong influence of Church Slavonic until the close of the 17th century; afterward the influence reversed, leading to corruption of liturgical texts.
Blacks are economic slaves. There is no group of people in this world who have abandoned any ambition of being economically independent from the grip of others as the Black race -whether Africans from the continent, or Africans from the Diaspora -Black Americans, Caribbeans or migratory Africans. We are more slaves now than when the Caucasian conquered us and sold us into slavery. The word slave means we are serfs, chattels, paupers, peons or vassals. There is nothing in Africa that is owned by the people. 12 We are owned stock and barrel by people of European-origin, Japanese, China, the Indians and any other people that has decided to become economically viable. In fact, I believe that the only possession in the world that the Black race could lay ownership to is the free air we breathe, and that might be in
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