Keskaegne Inglismaa (1066-1485) (0)

Medieval England
1066-1485
Eva Asper
Anna Pohlak
11.c
The Norman Dynasty
The Norman Conquest
In the 11th century, Normans conquered
England
- The Battle of Hastings ­ 14.10.1066
The Anglo-Saxon forces had more soldiers but
the Normans had better military tactics and won
in the end thanks to a clever strategy
William I, also known as William the Conqueror,
replaced King Harold on the throne
The invasion was completed by 1071
- The Norman invasion is depicted on the Bayeux
Tapestry ­ a long embroidered cloth
The death of King Harold embroidered on the Bayeux Tapestry
The Norman England
William I ensured his power by dividing the land
into parts and making 1/7 of it a royal domain
He made his nobles swear an oath of
allegiance and become his vassals
Died in 1087 while fighting in France, was
succeeded by his third son, William II Rufus
William II was very unpopular:
- Problems with the church
- Increased taxes and claimed the money of many
positions of the church
William the Conqueror began building the Tower of London
­ one of the most notorious prisons in the world
After William II died in 1100 due to an incident
while hunting, the throne was claimed by his
brother, Henry I
- Fights over Normandy ­ in the end, it's ruler,
Henry's brother Robert Curthose was prisoned and
Normandy was made a part of England in 1106
After his only male heir had died, Henry I
recalled his only surviving legitimate daughter
Matilda to England and married her to Geoffrey
Plantagenet
- Henry's relationship with his daughter and son-in-
law was not good but he still wished for them to
succeed him. However, he did not finish the official
paperwork before he died in 1135, making it
possible for others to claim the throne
Civil War ­ 1139 ­ due to a battle for the throne
between Stephen and Matilda, grandchildren of
William I
- In 1141 Stephen was captured and Matilda claimed
the throne as "Lady of the English" ­ however the
people disliked her and when Stephen's wife raised
an army against her, she was forced to release
Stephen (from prison) who became the king in the
same year
Stephen agreed to a treaty which said he could
peacefully reign England till his death if he
accepted Matilda's son, Henry II Plantagenet as
his lawful heir
When Stephen died in 1154, the Norman
dynasty had concluded it's reign
The House of
Plantagenet,
excluding King Henry II
and his wife, Eleanor of
Aquitaine; King Richard I
and his wife, Berengaria
of Navarre; King John
and his wife, Isabella of
Angoulême
The House of Plantagenet
Henry II claimed the throne in 1154
- Appointed his friend Thomas Becket as the
Archbishop of Canterbury to reduce the church's
power
- Constitution of Clarendon ­ Becket was sent to
exile
Henry II's wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and his
sons rose against him but failed
His third son, Richard I, defeated Henry II in
1189 and became the King
Richard I was a devoted Christian and a soldier
- Massacres of Jews in London and York
- Third Crusade
- Married Berengaria of Navarre and became King of
Cyprus
- Received the nickname of Richard the Lionheart for
fighting bravely for the rights of Christians
While he was on the crusade and in caption, his
brother John almost became the king but was
stopped by the return of Richard who later
named John as his heir due to having no
children of his own
Died in 1199
Richard the Lionheart on the Third Crusade
In 1199 the throne was claimed by King John
- Known by the nickname Lackland or as the enemy
of Robin Hood
- Married Isabella of Angoulême, whom he had
kidnapped from her fioncé
He gave up a lot of his rights as a king and
signed the Magna Carta in 1215
In 1216 John was succeeded by his son Henry
III who was only 9 years old at that time
- The barons started to rise up against Henry III
- Civil War known as the Second Barons' War ­ 1263
Henry III and his son Edward were captured but
the prince escaped, defeated the barons' forces
and when Henry died, he became the king
Edward I began the reign successfully by
reforming laws but then started wars against
Wales and Scotland
- This required more money which he got by
increasing taxes
- The first invasion of Wales in 1277
- His succeedor was faced with a financial crisis and
a war against Scotland
- Edict of Expulsion ­ all Jews were expelled from
England (1290-1656)
Established the parliament as a permanent
institution
Succeeded by his son in 1307 who became
King Edward II
The Palace of Westminster
Edward II's reign is known as a disastrous era
for England ­ wars were lost, political plots etc.
- Favoured Hugh Despenser with whom he plotted
against the barons
- His humiliated wife, Isabella of France, formed an
alliance in Paris with Roger Mortimer
- In 1263 they defeated Edward II, Despenser and
their army, Isabella became the (unofficial) Queen
- The imprisoned King was given two options ­ to
give up his throne for his son or keep his title and
be sentenced guilty in incompentence ­ resulting in
an appointment of King outside the bloodline
- Before his alleged murder in 1327, he rendered up
his throne for his son
During the first years of Edward III's reign, the
country was still controlled by Isabella and
Mortimer
- When he was 17 years old, he rose up against the
regent, Mortimer, and started to reign the country
himself
Defeated Scotland and claimed himself the heir
of France (the only descendant of Philip IV)
Started the Hundred Years' War in 1337
In 1348, Black Death killed more than 1/3 of the
population > financial problems
Succeeded by his grandson Richard II in 1377
A sign dedicated to the plague of
1348 at the port of Weymouth
The Black Death in medieval London
Richard II is known for trying to establish
absolutism in England
- He managed to surpress the Peasants' Revolt, a
rebellion of peasants, in 1381 while only 14 years
old
- The massive threat of their disobedience made the
King wary and this lead to the strive for absolutism
While the King was in Ireland, plotters were
gathering forces against him
Richard II was taken to the Tower where he
alledgedly resigned the crown to his cousin who
became Henry IV in 1399
By descendance, Henry IV was the first King
from the Lancaster branch
- During his reign, he had to face many rebellions,
most notably the Rebellion of the Welsh (1400-
1410) but was successful because of his son's
military abilities
Henry IV was succeeded by his son Henry V in
1413
- Notable victories in the Hundred Years' War, for
example, the Battle of Agincourt and the conquest
of Rouen
- Treaty of Troyes. Married Catherine of Valois, the
daughter of the French King
Left the throne for his son, Henry VI, only 6
months old at that time
The Battle of Agincourt
Henry VI's reign started 1422, but was
controlled by regents
He wanted to find a peaceful solution to end the
Hundred Years' War since the French were
becoming much stronger (Joan of Arc)
- Married Margaret of Anjou on the condition that
Maine and Anjou would be given back to the King of
Valois
- Lost his sane mind when he heard about the final
loss of Bordeaux in 1453 (ending the Hundred
Years' War)
Meanwhile, the Duke of York was becoming
more popular and was appointed as a regent
Joan of Arc before her execution in 1431
The Wars of the Roses
From 1455, many battles took places ending
differently every time, resulting in the throne to
go back and forth between the two houses
Henry VI was sent to prison in 1461 and the
throne went to his cousin, Edward IV from the
House of York who reigned until 1483
His brother, Richard of Gloucester was
determined to become the King so he
prevented Edward V to claim the throne (one of
the mysteries at the Tower)
In 1483, he became Richard III
There were rebellions against Richard III and
although he had been successful in dealing
with the uprisings, he was defeated by Henry
Tudor of the House of Lancaster in August
1485 at the Battle of Bosworth Field
Henry Tudor became King Henry VII
He married Elizabeth of York, the daughter of
Edward IV, uniting the two royal houses
- The two symbols, a red rose for the House of
Lancaster and a white rose for the House of York,
were united into the new emblem of the red and
white Tudor Rose
1485 marked the beginning of the Tudor
Dynasty
The Red Rose of Lancaster The White Rose of York
The Tudor Rose
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