Indicators and the pH scale Solutions of acids are said to be acidic, and solutions of alkalis are said to be alkaline. If a solution is neutral, it is neither acidic nor alkaline. Indicators are substances that change colour when they are added to acidic solutions or alkaline solutions. You can prepare homemade indicators from red cabbage or beetroot juice - these will help you see if a solution is acidic or alkaline. Litmus and universal indicator are two indicators that are commonly used in the laboratory. Litmus Litmus indicator solution turns red in acidic solutions and blue in alkaline solutions - and it turns purple in neutral solutions. Litmus paper is usually more reliable, and comes as red litmus paper and blue litmus paper. The table shows the colour changes it can make. Red Litmus Blue Litmus
Acid Rain Acid rain is any precipitation that is unusually acidic. It possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions(it has low pH level). Acid rain is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which react with water molecules. Distilled water(doesn't contain CO 2), has pH level 7. Liquids with pH level less than 7 are acidic, liquids with pH level greater than 7 are alkaline. Unpolluted rain has a pH level over 5.7, so it is slightly acidic. Affected areas Places significantly impacted by acid rain around the globe include most of eastern Europe from Poland northward into Scandinavia, the eastern third of the United States and southeastern Canada. Other affected areas include the southeastern coast of China and Taiwan Causes
Miina Härma Gymnasium Acid Rain Report Compiler: Teisi Timma 8a Teacher: Esther Linask Tartu 2009 Acid Rain Acid rain is rain consisting of water droplets that are unusually acidic because of atmospheric pollution - most notably the excessive amounts of sulfur and nitrogen released by cars and industrial processes. Acid rain is also called acid deposition because this term includes other forms of acidic precipitation such as snow. Acidic deposition occurs in two ways: wet and dry. Wet deposition is any form of precipitation that removes acids from the atmosphere and deposits them on the Earth's surface
Acid rains Stefani Nimtsuk What is acid rain? Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition Acid rain is caused by emissions of compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids History Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have increased In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain
Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic. It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition. Acid rain is caused by emissions of compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the production of sulfuric oxides into the Earth's atmosphere with positive results
Environmental problems: acid rain Elza Lutt 10.a What is acid rain? • Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation(sademed) that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). What is it caused by? Wet deposition- niisked sademed Consequences of acid rains • forests, freshwaters(mageveekogud) and soils • Kills insect and aquatic life-forms • Paint peels off from buildings etc. • Corrosion(söövitus) of steel structures • human health What can be done to decrease acid rains • curbing the release of the pollutants(saasteained) References • https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain • https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/ global-warming/acid-rain/ • https://www.crestawards.org/site-content/uploads /2016/10/Monitoring-acid-rain1-1-1024x675.jpg • http://envis.tropmet.res.in/kidscorner/KidsCorn...
Bilberry Bilberry Bilberry is any of several Eurasian species of low-growing shrubs, bearing edible, nearly black berries. Bilberries are distinct from blueberries but closely related to them. Bilberryis a plant. The dried, ripe fruit and leaves are used to make medicine. Bilberriesare found in very acidic, nutrient-poor soils throughout the temperate and subarctic regions of the world. Are related to North American wild. It can be picked… Bilberryhas sharp-edged, green branches and black berries, which are ripe for picking in late summer. How it is used Bilberryis used for improving eyesight, including night vision. Some people use bilberry for conditions of the heart. Bilberryis also used for chronic fatigue syndrome, hemorrhoids,
Sauerkraut Sauerkraut is finely shredded cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria, including Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Pediococcus. It has a long shelf-life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. It is therefore not to be confused with coleslaw, which receives its acidic taste from vinegar. People of Estonia like sauerkraut very much. They definitely a great dish for Christmas, because it`s really good to eat it with potatoes or something like that. To make sauerkraut yourself you need to have: 1 kg sauerkraut, 700 g slightly salted pork, 100 g barley grits, 2 tomatoes, salt. This is how you can do it: Boil the sauerkraut in a little water, on the top place the washed barley and the meat. Stew until soft, stirring now and then. Add salt
decreases and O2 disassociates from Hb. Unloading of oxygen to tissue Haemoglobin Saturation & pH Low blood pH (high PCO2) Normal blood pH High blood pH (low PCO2) Everest Oxygen Saturation & pH When the blood becomes more acidic (increased CO2 and H+) the curve shifts to the right. O2 has less affinity with Hb and is unloaded more easily. This rightward shift in the curve is known as the Bohr effect. Active tissues produce CO2 as a by product of oxidative metabolism, so therefore are more acidic. Lungs slightly alkaline Haemoglobin Saturation & Temp 430 C 380 C 200 C Haemoglobin Saturation & Temp When the blood becomes warmer (e.g
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM The term acid rain refers to what scientists call acid deposition. It is caused by airborne acidic pollutants and has highly destructive results. Scientists first discovered acid rain in 1852, when the English chemist Robert Agnus invented the term. From then until now, acid rain has been an issue of intense debate among scientists and policy makers. Acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. The invisible gases that cause acid rain usually come from automobiles or coal-burning power plants.
Large doses may cause nausea vomiting bouquets to symbolise purity and modesty. It and diarrhea. became a favourite flower of the Elizabethans Requirements: who used it to perfume the air. It is also mentioned in some texts about flowers that Lily Soil Type - Sandy loam to clay soils of the Valley was used to make a drink that Soil ph - neutral to slightly acidic became known as 'Aqua Aurea' which was Water - moist to dry believed to help boost the memory as well as Light - Full Shade to full sun treat heart conditions. Apollo is said to have given the lily of the Characteristics: valley as a gift to Aesculapius, the Greek god of healing. During the First World War it was used to Height - 6 in.
components are changed into forms usable by plants. Humus is classified into mor, mull, or moder formations according to the degree of its incorporation into the mineral soil, the types of organisms involved in its decomposition, and the vegetation from which it is derived. Humiinhape Keemiline valem Humiinhape Humic acid has the average chemical formula C187H186O89N9S1 and is insoluble in strong acid (pH = 1). One of two classes of natural acidic organic polymer that can be extracted from humus found in soil, sediment, or aquatic environments. The process by which humic acid forms in humus is not well understood, but the consensus is that it accumulates gradually as a residue from the metabolism of microorganisms. Transition and heavy metals--for example, Fe3+ or Pb2+--as well as other compounds having aromatic or hydrophobic (water-insoluble) chemical structures (i.e
months, while others hibernate (sleep) through the winter when food is scarce. Some animals such as squirrels, chipmunks and jays store food when it is plentiful, using hollows of trees as storehouses for nuts and seeds. In winter this store of food keeps them fed. have adopted is food storage. Soil: Brown forest soils develop under the TBDF. Broadleaf trees tend to be nutrient-demanding and their leaves bind the major nutrient bases. Thus the litter under this forest is not as acidic as under needleleaf trees and aluminum and iron are not mobilized from the A horizon. The autumn leaf fall provides for an abundant and rich humus which begins to decay rapidly in spring just as the growing season begins. Kasutatud kirjandus: http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/biomeforest.htm http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/images/deciduous/deciduous_500.jpg http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biomes/tbdf/tbdf.html
TALLINNA TEHNIKAÜLIKOOL Matemaatika- loodusteaduskond teaduskond Üldloodusteadus Referaat TTX ehk tetrodotoksiin Plumsugar16 YASB 11 Tallinn 2012 1 Tetrodotoksiin ,,Tetrodotoksiin ei ole alkaloid, steroid või karbohüdraat. Samuti pole see sarnane mitte ühelegi seni teadaolevale aminohappele. Tetrodotoksiin- see on väike molekul väikse molekulmassiga, millel on ainulaadne ,,jalgpalli-kujuline" struktuur." Nii defineeris tertodoksiini Harry Mosher, kes tegi 1960. ndatel kindlaks TTX-i keemilise struktuuri, eraldades mürgise molekuli vesilikest, kes asustasid Stanfordi linnas asuvat järve Lagunita. [1, 2] Tetrodotoksiin (TTX) on merelise päritoluga mürk, mis on oma nime saanud kala järgi, kelles see mürk avastati- Tetraodontiformes (tetras tähendab neli ja odontos hammast) ehk eestikeelse nimetusega jaapani kerakala. TTX on värvit...
LEU SER STOP STOP LEU SER STOP TRP LEU LEU LEU LEU PRO HIS ARG PRO HIS ARG NEUTRALNONPOLAR PRO GLN ARG PRO GLN ARG ILE THR ASN SER ILE THR ASN SER ACIDIC ILE THR LYS ARG MET THR LYS ARG VAL ALA ASP GLY VAL ALA ASP GLY Valgu süntees: 1. Valgu süntees toimub ribosoomidel 2. mRNA transleeritakse 5' suunas 3'. ProtValk sünteesitakse Nterminuselt Cterminusele 1. A/h seob tRNA, mis transpordib selle ribosoomile: Spetsiifiline seondumine tRNAga Komplementaarne aluste paardumine mRNA koodoni ja tRNA anti
Therefore upper portion of the surface soil a centimeter or less is usually sterile or devoid of microorganisms. Effect of sunlight is due to heating and increase in temperature (More than 45°) 7. Soil Reaction / Soil PH: Soil reaction has a definite influence / effect on quantitative and qualitative composite on of soil microbes. Most of the soil bacteria, blue-green algae, diatoms and protozoa prefer a neutral or slightly alkaline reaction between PH 4.5 and 8.0 and fungi grow in acidic reaction between PH 4.5 and 6.5 while actinomycetes prefer slightly alkaline soil reactions. Soil reactions also influence the type of the bacteria present in soil. For example nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas & Nitrobacter) and diazotrophs like Azotobacter are absent totally or inactive in acid soils, while diazotrophs like Beijerinckia, Derxia, and sulphur oxidizing bacteria like Thiobacillus thiooxidans are active in acidic soils. 8
Some of the typical animals are the Arctic fox, ermines, polar bears, Arctic terns, walruses and seals. The Tundra is located near the Arctic region. It's permafrost and desertlike. Some of the plants that can survive are lichens and mosses. Typical animals are musk oxen, elks, moose, lemmings, wolves and foxes. The taiga biome, also known as coniferous forests is located south of the Tundra region. They are major source of oxygen. The climate is cold and harsh. The soil is acidic so only deciduous trees can grow there: like hemlocks, pines, larches, spruces and firs. Typical animals are brown bears, foxes, geese, lynxes and moose. Prairies are temperate grasslands. The consist of plains of grass that are hot in summer and cold in the winter. They are made by fires. The soil is rich so prairies are used for agriculture. Some animals that live there are: bobcats, antelopes, snakes, rodents, rabbits, badgers and bisons. Deciduous forests are cool, rainy areas
Moving on, What is clay? (slide 4) Clay is fine-grained, firm earthy material that is plastic when wet and hardens when heated. Clay minerals are size of (point zero one mm)0,01mm. It is consisting primarily of hydrated silicates of aluminum and widely used in making bricks, tiles, and pottery. Clay minerals are typically formed over long periods of time by the gradual chemical weathering of rocks, by low concentrations of carbonic acid and other solvents. These solvents, usually acidic, migrate through the weathering rock after leaching through upper weathered layers. In addition to the weathering process, some clay minerals are formed by hydrothermal activity. Clay deposits may be formed in place as remainder deposits in soil, but thick deposits usually are formed as the result of a secondary sedimentary deposing process. Clay deposits are typically associated with very low energy depositional environments such as large lakes and marine basins. (slide 5)
intensified. The simple fact that millions of people live along coastlines and near rivers means that these bodies of water are likely candidates for heavy and destructive pollution. It is hard to know now what our oceans will look like in the future. Just how damaged they will be by pollution is uncertain. Acid rain The term acid rain refers to what scientists call acid deposition. It is caused by airborne acidic pollutants and has highly destructive results. Scientists first discovered acid rain in 1852, when the English chemist Robert Agnus invented the term. From then until now, acid rain has been an issue of intense debate among scientists and policy makers. Acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. The invisible gases that cause acid rain usually come from automobiles or coal-burning power plants.
Temperate Grasslands: Calcification is the dominant soil-forming process in semiarid regions. When this process works on a loess that itself is rich in calcium, the world's most fertile soils are created, the chernozems (A Russian term meaning black soil). Taiga: The low temperatures inhibit bacterial and fungal action, so the decomposition rate is low and the leaf litter relatively deep.The soil in the taiga is thin, acidic and not very nutrient rich. It also is rocky. 6. What is permafrost? In geology, permafrost, cryotic soil or permafrost soil is soil at or below the freezing point of water (0 °C or 32 °F) for two or more years. Ice is not always present, as may be in the case of nonporous bedrock, but it frequently occurs and it may be in amounts exceeding the potential hydraulic saturation of the ground material. 7. What is gully
It is cold and windy as well. The land is permafrost and desert-like. The growing season is 50-60 days and that's why there are plants like mosses and lichens. Typical animals are musk oxen, elks, moose, lemmings, wolves and foxes. The Taiga biome, also known as coniferous forests is located south of the Tundra region. Taigas are the largest biomes on Earth and they are a major source of oxygen. The climate is cold and harsh with low precipitation and a short growing season. The soil is acidic and only deciduous trees can grow there like hemlocks, pines, larches, spruces and firs. Some typical animals are brown bears, foxes, geese, lynxes and moose. Prairies are temperate grasslands which consist of grass plains that are hot in summer and cold in winter. Prairies are made by fires. The soil is rich and precipitation is medium and because of that prairies are used for agriculture. Common agriculture plants are oats, rye, barley and wheat
The growing season is 50-60 days. Some of the plants that can survive there are lichens and mosses. Typical animals for the Tundra are musk oxen, elks, moose, lemmings, wolves and foxes. The Taiga biome, also known as coniferous forests is located south of the Tundra region. Taigas are the largest biomes on Earth and they are a major source of oxygen. The Climate there is cold and harsh. Precipitation is low. The growing season is short. Only deciduous trees can grow there since the soil is acidic. Some typical animals are brown bears, foxes, geese, lynxes and moose. Prairies are temperate grassland. They consist of plains of grass that are hot in the summer and cold in the winter. Prairies are made by fires. The soil is rich and the precipitation is medium. The area has very few trees or shrubs so it is very windy. Typical animals are bobcats, antelopes, snakes, rodents, rabbits, badgers, bisons. Prairies are located in Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Those regions are called
6. Animals Some typical animals are Arctic foxes, ermines, polar bears, Arctic terns, walruses and seals. Typical tundra animals are musk oxen, elks, moose, lemmings, wolves and foxes. The Taiga biome, also known as coniferous forests is located south of the Tundra region. Taigas are the largest biomes on Earth and they are a major source of oxygen. The climate is cold and harsh with low precipitation and a short growing season. The soil is acidic and only deciduous trees can grow there like hemlocks, pines, larches, spruces and firs. Some typical animals are brown bears, foxes, geese, lynxes and moose. Prairies are temperate grasslands which consist of grass plains that are hot in summer and cold in winter. Prairies are made by fires. The soil is rich and precipitation is medium and because of that prairies are used for agriculture. Common agriculture plants are oats, rye, barley and wheat. The
second. We will lose another 72 square miles to encroaching deserts, as a result of human mismanagement and overpopulation. We will lose 40 to 100 species, and no one knows whether the number is 40 or 100. Today the human population will increase by 250,000. And today we will add 2,700 tons of chlorofluorocarbons to the atmosphere and 15 million tons of carbon. Tonight the Earth will be a little hotter, its waters more acidic, and the fabric of life more threadbare. The truth is that many things on which your future health and prosperity depend are in dire jeopardy: climate stability, the resilience and productivity of natural systems, the beauty of the natural world, and biological diversity. It is worth noting that this is not the work of ignorant people. It is, rather, largely the result of work by people with BAs, BSs, LLBs, MBAs, and PhDs. Elie Wiesel made a similar point to the Global Forum
ature-dependent; some (cathepsins B and L) within 24 hours. WHC decreases during the retain high activity levels even at cooking postmortem period. Rigor mortis occurs in temperatures (70°C). Pigs with defects in the beef when the pH drops to 5.9 (Honikel et al. ryanodine receptor gene (rn+) undergo exces- 1981). Factors that affect the rate of pH sive (not necessarily rapid) pH decline, decline, such as Halothane gene status of pigs resulting in abnormally acidic conditions in and residual glycogen in the tissues, affect the meat, which affects water-holding capac- tenderness, WHC, and color. Factors that ity, tenderness, and color (Leach et al. 1996; affect the ultimate pH (ryanodine gene status, Bidner et al. 2004). stress that alters muscle glycogen content) Water-holding capacity (WHC) is the also affect these characteristics.
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