For many people, money is the most important thing in the world What is the meaning of life? What is happiness? Surely everyone has asked these questions from himself and has thought about that. It can not be answered the same, because people have different personalities and value judgements. It looks like for some people happiness depends on that how much money they can earn. Money is for them the most important thing in the world. Somehow money is important for all of us. We need it for everything: to buy food, clothes and other bare necessities. Also we buy other things and services that are less necessity, but we just want to buy them. Money is resource for buying things, is it also a purpose? Why are we studying
phonemes are most salient in determining sexual orientation? Authors: Erik C. Tracy, Sierra A. Bainter, Nicholas P. Satariano 2015 Goal: "While numerous studies have demonstrated that a male speaker's sexual orientation can be identified from relatively long passages of speech, few studies have evaluated whether listeners can determine sexual orientation when presented with word-length stimuli." Also, if listeners form their judgements based on a phoneme, such as vowel or consonant, or multiple phonemes, such and vowel and consonant. Experiment 1: purpose in Experiment 1 was to determine whether listeners can distinguish between self-identified gay and heterosexual male speakers of American English upon hearing word-length stimuli. Experiment 2: The purpose of Experiment 2 was to determine which phonemes, such as a vowel or consonant, listeners rely on when forming their sexual orientation judgments. Furthermore, in this
Being in other. 43. According to Aristotle, what is the soul? Which are the three kinds of souls? Soul is substantial form of living things. The soul is alive. “The soul is the first actuality of a natural body that is potentially alive.” Three kinds: Vegetative, sensitive, intellectual. 44. Where can we find truth and falsehood? Why? Truth and falsehood are two kinds of being that are simply the consequence of judgement. We can combine new judgements to attain new truths. We call it reasoning. 45. Which are the four causes? Material, formal, efficient, final. 46. What is the name that Aristotle gives to his god? The Mover. Noesis Noeseos 47. How does Augustine define evil? Augustine taught that Evil is a lesser good, or the absence of good. Evil is the second divine principle. 48. Why God cannot be the creator of evil? He who is supremely good, He would never permit the existence of anything evil among His works. 49
31 - 32 1. Original court (maakohus) - trial court, the first level of the court, where the cases are tried; county court 2. Appellate court (ringkonnakohus) – courts, which are responsible for hearing and reviewing appeals from legal cases that have already been heard in a trial-level or another lower court. 3. Jurisdiction (jurisdiktsioon)- the official power to make legal decisions and judgements. 4. To exercise jurisdiction - to apply the official power to make legal decisions and judgements 5. Amount of a claim – the sum of money a. Main claim 2000 euros b. And final claim 4000 euros 6. Probate - the legal process of deciding if a person's will has been made correctly and if the information it contains is correct 7. Divorce - an official or legal process to end a marriage a. Custody for mothers b
2 When to use the Modal Verbs • Each Modal Verb has at least two meanings: I must post this letter! (= obligation) You must be tired! (= deduction, probability) Could you help me? (= request) We could go to Spain for our holidays. (= possibility) May I go home now? (= permission) Where’s Anna? – I’m not sure. She may be at work. (= possibility) • Modal Verbs express our attitudes, opinions and judgements of events. Who’s that knocking on the door? - It’s James. (This is a fact.) - It could/may/might/should/can’t/’ll be James. (These all express our attitude or opinion.) Expressing permission Can, may and be allowed to are used to express permission. Can is more informal and usually spoken. You can borrow my bike, but you can’t have the car. I need it. May I smoke in here? You can’t come in here in those muddy shoes!
Essential Vocabulary - I The role of law in society 1. juriidilised kohustused – legal obligations 2. kannatanud pool, kahjukannataja – injured party 3. vaidlusi lahendama (kohtus) – to settle a dispute in a court of law 4. riskeerima tehingute tegemisega – to risk making transactions 5. õigusnõustamist otsima – to seek legal advice 6. tagama, et leping kehtiks – to ensure that the contract would be valid 7. õiguslikke vahendeid kasutama – to use legal means 8. harjuma õiguslikke vahendeid kasutama – to get accustomed to using legal means 9. omama teadmisi millestki – to have knowledge of smth 10. ette kirjutama, ettekirjutus, ettekirjutav – to prescribe, prescription, prescriptional 11. karistust kandma – to serve punishment (ka to suffer a penalty) 12. vägivaldselt käituma (kellegi suhtes) – to act violently towards smb 13. a...
objective and independent of society. They distinguish the context of discovery from the context of justification. Merton Norms Sociologist Robert Merton in The Normative Structure of Science (1942) identified 4 norms that rule scientific activity: 1. Communalism Scientific knowledge belongs to all. Scientists share knowledge. 2. Disinterestedness Scientists do not engage their personal interests in their judgements. 3. Universalism The truth of scientific claims does not depend on who is making it. 4. Organised scepticism Scientific ideas are subject to test by the community. The Autonomy of Science Merton norms assure the autonomy of science: No external influence. No internal abuse. Criticism: These rules are disproved or disputed by history and practice. Also, Merton excluded the cognitive-conceptual part of science from sociological investigation.
multi-channel sound, high definition clarity. In addition, new uses were made for Automated television beyond entertainment (e.g., instruction, security). Do these developments make the experience any more authentic? Maybe. How often have you heard someone say, "I'd rather watch it on TV."? In a similar vein, automated essay scoring might still be characterized as an emerging technology. Though it has been demonstrated to replicate human judgements in the grading of essays, over time it will be enhanced to do so with even more proficiency and accuracy. Moreover, it has branched out to perform other roles (instruction) and is now used as a conceptual platform for other applications (language proficiency ratings). Finally it has engendered a discussion about what constitutes good writing and how is it best achieved. 10
210. administrative courts halduskohtud 211. circuit court ringkonnakohus 212. the Supreme Court (national court) riigikohus 213. court of first instance esimese astme kohus 214. offence matters seadusrikkumiste asjad 215. tried in court menetletakse kohtus 216. at the request of the parties poolte nõudmisel 217. lay judge rahvakohtunik 218. exclusively appellate courts eranditult apellatsioonikohtud 219. review judgements vaatavad üle kohtuotsused 220. by way of appeal proceedings apellatsioonimenetluse teel 221. divided into chambers jagatud kambritesse 222. respectively vastavalt 223. handling criminal offence matters käsitleb kriminaalkuritegusid 224. in panels of at least three judges vähemalt kolmest kohtunikust koosnevas paneelis 225. en banc - (kohtunikekogu) täies koosseisus 226. the justices of the Supreme Court riigikohtunikud 227. a leave to appeal luba apelleerida 228
healers was virtually complete throughout Europe. Male doctors had won a clear monopol over the practice of medicine among the upper classes. They were ready to take on a key role in the elmination of the great mass of female healers the ,,witches." The partnership between Church, State and medical profession reached full bloom in the witch trials. The doctor was held up the medical ,,expert," giving an aura of science to the whole proceeding. He was asked to make judgements about whether certain women were witches and whether certain afflictions had been caused by witchcraft. In the witch-hunts, the Church explicitly legitimized the doctors' professionalism, denouncing non-professional healing as equivalent the heresy: ,,If a woman dare to cure without having studied she is a witch and must die." Finally, the witch craze provided a handy excuse for the doctor's failings in everyday practice: Anything he couldn't cure was obviously the result of sorcery.
USA lood dispositsioonilased, Hiina lood situatsioonilised (samast sündmusest). Järelikult: teavet isiksuse kohta ei vaadelda kõikides kultuurikontekstides käitumise seletajana sama olulisena, kuigi kultuurilised erinevused on seda paremini väljendunud, mida rõhutatum on situatsiooniline teave. Arutlemisstiilid Erinevused arutlemisstiilides holistilise ja analüütilise mõtlemisega indiviididel. Lillede grupeerimise katse (application of a rule vs family resemblance judgements) – abstraktne reegel, midagi, mis on kõigil lilledel ühist; „perekondlikud“ sarnasused, üleüldised sarnasused lillegruppides, ei olnud kõigil lilledel ühised. Euroopa-ameeriklased pigem abstraktne reegel (analüütiline), ida-aasialased pigem perekondlikud sarnasused (holistiline). NB! On täheldatud, et ida-aasialased kalduvad holistilise mõtlemise poole pigem siis, kui on konflikt analüütilise ja holistilise lahenduse vahel (sama loogika peaks töötama ka tagurpidi). Nt
high-valued their positions. There were many similar problems in both books, like pride, which came with high position, an unequal class ranking and marriage without love. Jane Austen had her own style, she knew how to use irony exquisitely and to criticize delicately society’s problems - to laugh out, but at the same time stay true to the traditions. During the research process I was convinced of my earlier judgements, that Jane Austen has her own character - stereotypes and certain main message, which runs through of all her novels. Additionally, I developed my formalization and analysing skills. The biggest difficulties occurred with finding right estonian definitions for english explanations. I thank my research supervisor, who for the better understandment about the books, read both of the books herself.
context of grounded theory, where initial propositions grow out from research is often designed at the same emprirics. Fokusseerituse tagamine. Propositions are needed to "identify relevant time it is being done; it requires "highly information ... Without such propositions, an investigator might be tempted to cover "everything," which is impossible to do" (Yin, 2003: 23) contextualized individual judgements" · ,,Uurimistasand" Unit of analysis (Van Maanen, 1998: xi); morever, it is · Läbimõeldus kuidas andmeid väidetega siduda. How to link "data to the propositions". The link can be made by cross-case analysis; open to unanticipated events, and it offers · Kriteeriumid leidude tõlgendamiseks. "The criteria for interpreting the holistic depictions of realities that cannot
shows very cunnigly that with very few exceptions most of the founding fathers undermined the constituion. Even jefferson undermined it. Jefferson undermind the nullificiation, any state has the right to reject the federal law. Hamilton unermined the constituion because believed in the more british parlament. The moral is that nothing is new, lies, scandals, nothing is really new, present day politicians never invented anything. At the same time Vidal doesn't make direct personal judgements, he describes the story of Aaron Burr. Very ocntroversial figure, he was a man of charm and at the same time scoundrel. The whole trial of burr is revelead in great detail. He was innocent. The second level of narration covers the period of to the burrs death, 60 years of Burr's life. 21 sections where Burr is narrator. The third level of narration is the parallels between revolutionary american and present day America. Young republic, he
give reasons against his expulsion and have his case reviewed and be represented for this purpose. Restrictions: compelling reasons of national security. 14. All are equal before the courts and tribunals. Entitled to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal. Public/press may be excluded for reasons of morals, public order, national security, in the interest of private lives of parties, or when publicity would prejudice. Judgements public. Presumption of innocence. Minimum guarantees when subject of criminal charges: nature and cause of the charge against him; adequate time and facilities for preparation of his defence; tried without delay; tried in his presence and defend himself; to examine witnesses; free assistance of an interpreter if he doesn't speak the language or the court; not compelled to testify guilty. Right to review of the judgement by a higher tribunal.
four puzzles? 30 Reference and referring 2 Is Strawson's critique more persuasive than I have granted? Develop it a bit further against Russell. 3 To what extent does the theory correctly predict and explain the entire use of "the" in English? 4 What do you make of Donnellan's distinction? Can it be rendered more precise? Try to refine the intuitive contrast with which Donnellan begins. 5 Dispute or defend any of Donnellan's interesting intuitive judgements about "actual referents" in particular hypothetical speech situations. Then comment on the significance, for Donnellan's program, of your own position on such a case. 6 Donnellan regards his article as a contribution to the RussellStrawson dispute. But he does not say much in the article about the four puzzles with which that whole issue began. Does his theory, as you construe it, solve any or all of the four puzzles?
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