Punctuation Vocabulary: colon, semi-colon, dash, hyphen, exclamation mark, comma, quotations marks, inverted commas, full stop/period, slash, apostrophe. 1. Semi-colon. Between two separate thoughts that are linked in meaning. Mel is a nice person; she visits her granny every day. 2. Colon. Before an explanation or a list. John felt nervous: he hated the dark. 3. Dash. Informal. It is sometimes used instead of colon or a semi-colon. I’m having a great time – there’s lots to do here. 4. The rules about commas are not very strict
as one paragraph it stands out meaningfully, emotionally. E.g. She hated Rosemary Barton. If thoughts could kill, she would have killed her. But thoughts do not kill Thoughts are not enough.... From the rhythmical point, the alteration of long and short paragraphs adds to the rhythmical effect on the text. Long paragraphs create a monotonous rhythmic effect. A sequence of short or very short paragraphs creates an abrupt rhythm. The most prominent punctuation marks are exclamation marks and question marks. Their frequent use in the text speaks of emotionality. E.g. Winter! So cold! Why snow? The exclamation mark is often used to offer the sentences that are not exclamatory in form. In such cases it expresses the specific, mostly ironic attitude or indignation. E.g. a truth, a faith, a generation of men goes and is forgotten, and it doesn't matter! Sentences that are interrogative in structure mat end with exclamation m to express strong surprise of distrust. E.g
Prevent + noun/pronoun + (from) + -ing vorm Avoid + -ing vorm Clauses of contrast Although/even though/though + clause In spite of/despite + nimisõna/-ing vorm In spite of/despite the fact that + clause However/nevertheless (koma kasutatakse alati peale sõna) While/whereas Yet (formal)/still On the other hand Exclamations What + a/an (+ omadussõna) + ainsuses loendatav nimisõna What (+ omadussõna) + loendamatu nimisõna/mitmus How + omadussõna/määrsõna Negative question (+ exclamation mark) Relative Clauses Who/what (people) subject - can't be omitted Who/whom/that (people) object - can be omitted Which/that (objects, animals) subject - can't be, object - can be Whose (people, animals, objects) possession - can't be Clauses of manner If/as though (räägime, kuidas keegi näeb välja, käitub jne) If/as though + past tense (ebareaalne situatsioon) Linking words Positive additions - and, both .. and, beside (this/that), too, moreover, what is more, in addition
Letter of application Salutation Dear Sir or Madam Dear Sir/Madam Dear Mr/Mrs/Ms Paragraph 1 Reason for writing, name of the available position (+add the source, if available) I am writing to apply for the post advertised in... I am writing in response to your advertisement in... Paragraph 2, 3 What are you doing now, previous experience Qualifications (also personality traits, if necessary) NB! Relevant information I have graduated from... (with honors) My degree is in... I attended a.... course Final paragraph + closing sentence Closing remarks: thank the person for considering your application, ask the person to consider you for the job, mention the possibility of further communication. I have enclosed my CV... I am enclosing my curriculum vitae together with two references, I would be happy to provide any further information, if you wish me to attend an interview, I am available ...
Hinting at things is not a good idea because essays are not meant to be read by friends who know the writer's point of view anyway, but by mere acquaintances or most often even strangers who should also understand everything the writer is trying to say. As to the sentences, it is stylistically good to have them nicely balanced, some of them longer, some shorter, but not too long or too short. The formality of an essay and unfinished sentences do not go together well. Exclamation marks (!) are considered equal to shouting, which should exclude them from a serious essay. Every single sentence should be full and meaningful in itself but should also follow logically from the sentence before and be a suitable starting point for the next sentence. An essay should end with a conclusion that briefly takes together what has been said before. If for and against arguments were given earlier, this is the place where the writer can give his own opinion
g. "Ideas," writes Carl Jung, "spring from something greater than the personal human being."). 5. A closing comma or full stop goes inside the closing (e.g. "High school," writes Ellen Willis, "permanently damaged my self-esteem."). 6. A closing semicolon or colon goes outside the closing quotation mark (e.g. The head of the union announced, "The new contract is a good one for management and labor"; then she left the room.). 7. A question mark or exclamation mark that belongs to the quotation goes inside the quotation. One question mark within the quotation serves also for whole sentence (e.g. Who wrote, "What's in a name?"). 8. The question or exclamation mark that does not belong to the quotation goes outside the quotation (e.g. Yet the congressman simply dismissed the change as "unimportant"!). 9. To introduce the quotation with "that" we use quotation marks alone and no capital letter, unless
..................8 Word Order in Subject Questions ..........................................................9 Types of Sentences There are four basic types of sentences in English. AFFIRMATIVE and NEGATIVE sentences both end with a full stop ( ) : . I live in Tallinn. I do not live in Tallinn. I never watch soap operas. INTERROGATIVE sentences end with a question mark ( ? ) : Do you live in Tallinn? Why do you never watch soap operas? EXCLAMATORY and IMPERATIVE sentences end with an exclamation mark ( ! ) : What a beautiful day! Do your homework at once! Parts of the Sentence The basic parts of the sentence are: THE SUBJECT (WHO? WHAT?) , THE PREDICATE (does, is doing, has done, etc – action/statement), THE OBJECT (WHO/WHAT is the action/statement directed at?) : Marion (who?) has a boy-friend (who?). She (who?) likes to read books (what?). The earth (what?) is a planet (what?). Besides, there are: THE ATTRIBUTE (WHAT?/WHAT KIND?) and THE ADVERBIAL (WHEN
The emotional pause corresponds to a dash and strengthen the speaker's disbelief. Such pauses may be marked in a text and may be introduced by a speaker. STRESS: We can speak about logical stress it singles out words that are primary in the context. Stress that is used to single out words that are emotionally important or to point out their hidden or specific meaning is called emphatic. Emphatic stress may be signaled graphically by the Italics, dots, exclamation marks, etc. Accompany means of emphasis may be prolongation of vowels and consonants. Vowels are usually prolonged to express positive feelings. Consonants become longer to express negative emotions. ORCHESTRATION: Both oral and written speech may possess orchestration the choice of words with respect to acoustic properties of sounds, their sequence, and repetition. Due to their acoustic features sounds may create certain feelings, ideas or images
mildness but also threat and warning. A loud voice shows familiarity, a fear to be misunderstood, etc. Stress: · Logical stress--singles out words that are primary in the given context (I didn't mean you, I meant everybody) · Emphatic Stress--stress that singles out words as emotionally important or points out their hidden or specific meaning. (I told you, he is unwell--meaning drunk or high). Emphatic stress is suggested graphically by the Italics, exclamation marks, dots and dashes. · Accompanying means of emphasis can be the prolongation of vowels. Vowels are prolonged to express positive emotions (glad). Consonants are prolonged to express negative feelings (lousy, monotonous) Pauses: · Logical pauses divide the utterance into meaningful parts--sense groups--and are marked by punctuation. (I didn't know him then, but I do now.)
Anaphora Limerick Cross r. Epiphora Accented verse Frame r. Climax Monometer Lexical SD Anticlimax Dimeter Metaphor: Suspense Trimeter Trite Rhetorical q. Pentameter Genuine Exclamation Hexameter Sustained Graphical Means, SD Heptameter Metonymy Under / overstopping Octometer Synecdoche Indented line Antonomasia Graphon Phrasing Irony Common Lit. Voc. Syntagm Epithet: Special Lit. Voc. Monotonous rhythm
Interrogative Determiners 74 Positive and Negative Sentences146 Possessive Determiners 75 Questions 147 7 Verbs and Tenses 79 14 Punctuation 150 The Simple Present Tense 80 Period 150 Am, Is and Are 83 Comma 151 The Present Progressive Tense 89 Exclamation Point 152 Have and Has 93 Question Mark 152 The Present Perfect Tense 96 Apostrophe 153 1 What is Grammar? Here's an old children's rhyme about the eight parts of speech of English grammar. It gives you an idea of what grammar is about. Read and remember it. Every name is called a noun, Pronoun
) Are you thinking of going home this weekend? (NOT Are you thinking to go home this weekend?) 69. Use a singular noun after every. I play tennis every Wednesday. (NOT I play tennis every Wednesdays.) He wrote to every child in the village. (NOT He wrote to every children ...) 70. When you say what somebody's job is, use a/an. My sister is a photographer. (NOT My sister is photographer.) I'm studying to be an engineer. (NOT I'm studying to be engineer.) 71. Use at last, not finally, as an exclamation. At last! Where have you been? (NOT Finally! Where have you been?) She's written to me. At last! 72. Get can mean `become', but not before nouns. It's getting cold. It's getting to be winter. (BUT NOT It's getting winter.) 73. Don't use negative questions in polite requests or enquiries. Could you help me, please? (NOT Couldn't you help me, please?) You haven't seen John, have you? (NOT Haven't you seen John?) 74. One negative word is usually enough.
one is disappointed, sorrowful, desperate. Tempo The tempo of speech is usually slow when depression, sadness ought to be expressed. Anger, fear, joy and other momentary feelings accelerate it. Stress ( logical, emphatic) Stress which is meant to single out certain words as emotionally important, to point out their hidden or specific meaning is called emphatic or emphasis : I told you he is ´un ´well. (=drunk) Emphatic stress may be signalled graphically by italics, exclamation marks, dots, dashes. It is used to express one's attitude to the interlocutor or the utterance such as admiration, surprise, distrust, contempt. Accompanying means of emphasis can be the prolongation of vowels and consonants. Vowels are generally prolonged when positive emotions are expressed: I'm so glad. It's fantastic. Consonant sounds tend to become longer to expresses negative feelings:lousy, phony, monstrous. The chief means of making one's speech emotional is intonation and pausation.
Oliver begins to get his strength back and is very grateful to both Brownlow and Bedwin for taking care of him. Once he is healthy enough to sit in a chair, he sees a portrait of a woman. The picture fascinates him, and Mrs. Bedwin believes that he is upset by it and tries to take it away. Mr. Brownlow comes to see him and notices that the woman in the picture looks exactly like him. He points this out to Mrs. Bedwin, but decides not to tell Oliver of it yet. Oliver, at their looks of exclamation, faints again. After he had been kidnapped, the Dodger and Charlie Bates went back to the Jew's house, and because Oliver knew their secrets, he became very upset with the boys when he realized Oliver was no longer with them. 2 Chapter 13: Fagin yells at the boys until they tell him the tail of Oliver being caught. This upsets Fagin even more and makes him start to beat on the boys
"I honour your circumspection. A fortnight's acquaintance is certainly very little. One cannot know what a man really is by the end of a fortnight. But if we do not venture somebody else will; and after all, Mrs. Long and her daughters must stand their chance; and, therefore, as she will think it an act of kindness, if you decline the office, I will take it on myself." The girls stared at their father. Mrs. Bennet said only, "Nonsense, nonsense!" "What can be the meaning of that emphatic exclamation?" cried he. "Do you consider the forms of introduction, and the stress that is laid on them, as nonsense? I cannot quite agree with you there. What say you, Mary? For you are a young lady of deep reflection, I know, and read great books and make extracts." Mary wished to say something sensible, but knew not how. "While Mary is adjusting her ideas," he continued, "let us return to Mr. Bingley." "I am sick of Mr. Bingley," cried his wife.
A tale that started out as a love story may have turned into an exposé of government corruption. T h e writer has lost the thread. T h e story will not seem focused unless the circle is closed by Returning to the original themes. PUNCTUATION T h e final function of Return is to conclude the story decisively. T h e story should end with the emotional equivalent of a punctuation mark. A story, like a sentence, can end in only four ways: with a period, an exclamation point, a question mark, or an ellipsis (the three or four little dots that indicate your thoughts have just trailed off vaguely. Example: Do you want to go now, or... ) . T h e needs of your story and your attitude may dictate ending with the feeling of a period, an image or line of dialogue flatly making a declarative statement: "Life goes on." "Love conquers all." "Good triumphs over evil." "That's the way life is." "There's no place like home."
It was one of his many new ambitious projects. Virgin Group already had more than 300 companies, more than 50,000 employees, and $25 billion per year in revenue. In other words, Branson had personally built an empire larger than the GDP of some developing countries. Then he broke the silence: "Work out." He was serious and elaborated: working out gave him at least four additional hours of productive time every day. The cool breeze punctuated his answer like an exclamation point. 4HB is intended to be much more than a book. I view 4HB as a manifesto, a call to arms for a new mental model of living: the experimental lifestyle. It's up to you--not your doctor, not the newspaper--to learn what you best respond to. The benefits go far beyond the physical. If you understand politics well enough to vote for a president, or if you have ever led taxes, you can learn the few most important scienti c rules for redesigning your body. These rules will
" Her voice was wistful. We lay silently, wrapped in our individual meditations. The seconds ticked by, and I had almost forgotten her presence, I was so enveloped in my thoughts. Then, without any warning, Alice leaped from the bed, landing lightly on her feet. My head jerked up as I stared at her, startled. "Something's changed." Her voice was urgent, and she wasn't talking to me anymore. She reached the door at the same time Jasper did. He had obviously heard our conversation and her sudden exclamation. He put his hands on her shoulders and guided her back to the bed, sitting her on the edge. "What do you see?" he asked intently, staring into her eyes. Her eyes were focused on something very far away. I sat close to her, leaning in to catch her low, quick voice. "I see a room. It's long, and there are mirrors everywhere. The floor is wooden. He's in the room, and he's waiting. There's gold... a gold stripe across the mirrors." "Where is the room?" "I don't know
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