USSR again. After annexation into the Soviet Union, Tallinn became the capital of the Estonian SSR. In August 1991 an independent democratic Estonian state was re-established and a period of quick development to a modern European capital ensued. Tallinn became the capital of a de facto independent country once again on August 20, 1991. Historically, the city has been attacked, sacked, razed and pillaged on numerous occasions. Although extensively bombed by Soviet air forces during the latter stages of World War II, much of the medieval Old Town still retains its charm. The Tallinn Old Town (including Toompea) became a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site in 1997.
Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Allied troops Winston Churchill, Franklin The "mushroom cloud" approaching Omaha D. Roosevelt, and Joseph from the atomic bomb Beach on "D-day", 6 Stalin at the Yalta in Nagasaki. June 1944. Conference in 1945. The U.S. destroyer Shaw A British Crusader tank Bombed buildings in passing a burining exploding during the Attack London. German Panzer IV. on Pearl Harbor. Warfare of the UK now · Second best military after U.S. · 429.500 active military personnel · Counter-terrorism · Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq
2 km2 in which 404,000 inhabitants live. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the banks of the Gulf of Finland, in north-western Estonia. Tallinn is the location of many institutions of higher education and science. As an important port for trade between Russia and Scandinavia, it became a target for the expansion of the Teutonic Knights and the Kingdom of Denmark. Historically, the city has been attacked, sacked, razed and pillaged on numerous occasions. Although extensively bombed by Soviet airforces during the latter stages of World War II, much of the medieval Old Town still retains its charm. Since independence, improving air and sea transport links with Western Europe and Estonia's accession to the European Union have made Tallinn easily accessible to tourists. SIGHTSEEING The main attractions are in the two old towns, Lower Town and Toompea, which are both easily explored on foot. Eastern districts around Pirita and Kadriorg are also worth
Tallinn 2009 The National Opera "Estonia" was founded in 1906. Till 1949 the theatre staged both drama and musical productions. In the 1920s its opera and ballet troupes became separate entities; in every genre the theatre was then regarded as the leading one in the country. Its new house opened in 1913. It was the biggest and most imposing of the theatre buildings in Estonia. In World War II its building was bombed, but it was restored more or less in its former shape in 1947. In 1949 the Estonia was turned into an exclusively musical theatre staging operas, ballets and operettas. In 1998 it was officially given the status of National Opera. Art director since 2002 was Arne Mikk, at present the chief conductor of the theatre is Paul Mägi, the managing director is Paul Himma, the chief opera director is Neeme Kuningas and the leader of the ballet is Tiit Härm
traveled through the streets of Sarajevo. These assassins were members of a terrorist group called the Black Hand. On June 28, 1914 Franz Ferdinand and his wife were in the third car of a motorcade traveling through Sarajevo to the Town Hall. The Black Hand had several assassins positioned along the route. On the way to the Town Hall, the first assassination attempt occurred. A man named Nedeljko Cabrinovic threw a bomb into the car with the Archduke. However, the bombed bounced off the car and landed under the next car in the motorcade. The car with the Archduke was able to speed away and make it safely to the Town Hall. The assassins did not give up, however. On the return trip, the motorcade took a wrong turn. When the driver began to back up, another assassin named Gavrilo Princip happened to be right next to the car. He took advantage of this opportunity and began firing at the Archduke. He fired twice, hitting the Archduke once and his wife Sophie. The
Tower. It was used as the center of government since 1229 and is now the site of Estonia’s parliament. Nearby stands the inappropriately named Maiden’s Tower that used to house a prison for prostitutes. There are several interesting old houses of worship. The oldest is the atmospheric and very chilly Dominican Monastery from 1246. There is also The Holy Spirit Church with its colorful Renaissance clock, elaborate altar, and painted pews. The 13th century St. Nicholas got bombed in World War II but was meticulously reconstructed and now houses a display of religious art, including the freaky “Dance Macabre” of cavorting skeletons. Cathedral of St. Mary the Virgin and the Town Hall offer fine views of the city. The most visible church that seems to get on all the postcards is the Russian Orthodox St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral with its onion domes. Several of the medieval buildings house museums: Epping Tower has a
The City and The Tower of London Styv Solovjov G1a The City Founded by Romas 43-50 AD, set up trading post It has seen at least 15 major fires 1666 burnt down 4/5 of its houses Then The City was rebuilt Tower Bridge (Tower Hill tube), built in 1894 during the Second World War, its was heavily bombed Now there is one of the biggest financil centres in Europe Banks, stock exchange Many banking and insurance institutions have their headquarters there Stock Exchange, Lloyd's of London,the Bank of England are all based in the City Over 500 banks have offices in the City City is an established leader in trading in Eurobonds, foreign exchange, energy futures and global insurance Of the $3.98 trillion daily global turnover, trading in London accounted for around $1.36 trillion,or 34
them and bless them. He known almost all Bible, he would almost always quote Christian gospels in his religious meetings, speeches at church, and in public discourses. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by Nixon and led by King, soon followed. The boycott lasted for 385 days, and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed. King was arrested during this campaign, after this accident, King became a national figure and the best-known spokesman of the civil rights movement. As you understand, Martin Luther King was like pacifist, also inspired by Gandhi's success with non- violent activism, King went to India. The trip to India affected King, deepening his understanding of non- violent resistance and his commitment to America's struggle for civil rights.
limping. Pikk jalg - in 14th century, connecting upper and lower town, dangerous place, not an easy road; Lühike jalg; in 14th century, belonged to the lower town and only used by pedestrians because it is and was only a stairway street. Due to the conflicts between the merchants in the towns, Wall of Mistrust; all traffic closed at 9pm. St. Nicholas’ Church ● Built in the 13th century, bombed in 1944. Restaurated ever since. Museum of religious architecture, concert hall. The duke Charles Eugene de Croy was taken prisoner by the Swedish king. He died in 1703, but since nobody was willing to pay for his funeral, he remained unbaried. The air conditions of the chapel kept him from rotting, and he became an attraction, remaining on display until 1897, when he was finally buried. Town Hall Square ● Has been a market place and town centre since the Middle Ages.
government's reaction to the act. For example, in 1972 at the Munich Olympics, the Black September Organization killed 11 Israelis. The Israelis were the immediate victims. But the true target was the estimated 1 billion people watching the Olympics from TV. The Black September Organization used the high popularity of the Olympics to show its views on the bad situation of the Palestinian refugees. Similarly, in October 1983, Middle Eastern terrorists bombed the Marine Battalion Landing Team Headquarters at Beirut International Airport. Their immediate victims were the 241 U.S. military men who were killed and over 100 others who were wounded. Their true target was the American people and the U.S. Congress. Their one act of violence influenced the U.S. decision to indicate the Marines from Beirut and it was therefore considered a terrorist success. There are three perspectives of terrorism: the terrorist's, the victim's, and the general public's
railway(1st in the world) and telephone, cotton mills, crime level is high. It has the second biggest airport in the UK after London. No tickets on certain buses. Mainly nightlife economy, over 10 000 visitors per night. 2 universities, 2 football clubs, 2 big stadiums, largest is Manchester United Football stadium. Granada television, BBC, Hollywood films, The Guardian, red brick houses, second greatest after London. Mihkel: "Liverpool" Founded in 1207, city in 1880. Has been bombed 80 times. Albert Dock, Royal Liver Building (1911), Cunard Building (1917), Port of Liverpool (1907)is being restored in 2009.the Liverpool Blue Coat School is the top school in UK, has produced 8 Nobel Prize winners. The Beatles in 1960, record company was Parlophone records, Paul and Ringo still active. 1892 FC Liverpool,most successful in UK. Robert: "Traditional British Foods" Breakfast 1:eggs, bacon, sausages, bread, beans, mushrooms,coffee
White House was built in 1792-1800 and it became the official president residence. The Civil War 18611865 was between the Union (Abraham Lincoln) and the Confederacy (Robert E. Lee) and the reason was that the north side (Union) was against slavery in the south side (Confederacy). The war was won by the Union and it ended slavery. The racism against black people remained. America took part in both World Wars. In World War II Japan bombed Pearl Harbors in 1941 and in 1945 America dropped two nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki which ended the war. In 1963 after John F. Kennedy death gave Martin Luther King his I Have a Dream speech which is a key factor that ended most of the racism in America. In 2001, 11th September Islamic terrorists crashed into the twin towers (WTC). Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda are thought responsible for the
house. Later, in 1928, all men and women over 21 had the right to vote. The General Strike on 04.05.1926 was started by the people who worked in the mines. Many people stopped work in support of the men who worked in the mines. Edward VIII wanted to marry a divorced American woman, Mrs Wallis Simpson. He married her and later his brother, George VI, became the new king. During World War II, they continued to live in London (while it was being bombed) and accepted the same food restrictions as ordinary people. The British Commonwealth of Nations was created during his reign. World War II (1939-1945) was started by Adolf Hitler. 55 million people were killed during this war until Japan surrounded in 1945. German planes dropped bombs on British cities and London. Sir Winston Churchill led Britain through the war, and he was named the architect of the victory. Queen Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953 was the first to be televised
an American divorcee, whom he could not marry because Britain's sovereign was the titular Head of the Church of England, which did not sanction remarriage of divorced persons. Finally Edward chose love over duty and his brother Albert was declared King George VI. One of his first acts was to name Edward the Duke of Windsor. George VI and his wife, Queen Elizabeth were very popular, especially during World War II, when they continued to live in London (while it was being bombed) and accepted the same food restrictions as ordinary people. George VI brought the Crown and people closer together. World War II (1939-1945) involved almost every major in the world. The war was fought by the Allies on one side (Including the UK, France, Poland and after 1941 the us and Soviet Union) and the Axis (including Germany, Japan and Italy) on the other. About 55 million people were killed around the world until Japan surrendered in 1945 after the US had
The system was electrified in 1890-1905. When Victoria died in 1901, after the longest reign in English history, the British Empire and British world power had reached their highest point The Twentieth Century London grew even more in the Twentieth Century. In the 1930's large numbers of Jews immigrated to London, fleeing persecution in Europe, and most of them settled in the East End. After World War II broke out many children were moved out of London. During World War II, London was bombed by the Luftwaffe. The bombings destroyed much of central London, including a part of St. Paul's Cathedral, although the cathedral suffered only minor damage. The London Docks declined after the war. Between 1972-1982 the Thames Barrier was built to control flooding along the river. This consists of 10 moveable underwater gates supported by 7 shining steel half-domes strung across the river. The Millennium The new Millennium saw the opening of the Millennium Bridge, a footbridge constructed
After the Second World War, the RHS President Lord Aberconway told a gathering of former exhibitors in October 1946, "Whatever else we go without, we should not go without Chelsea Flower Show next year". The problems of organizing the show in only seven months were immense: gardeners had gone to war; glass was needed for blitzed buildings rather than greenhouses; and Britain was gripped with austerity and rationing. During the war Britain had been seriously bombed for the first time, so exhibits addressed the problems of what could be done with bomb sites around ST Paul's Cathedral, in the City of London. Nothing was three-dimensional. All the exhibits were on one level of tabling in the Great Marquee, because the RHS had not yet realized the value of presentation. Inside the new triple football field sized Chelsea Display Pavilion, old World War II ammunition crates surface from storage at the Royal Hospital to create the elevated,
1862, after an explosion of natural gas Canada's first oil gusher came into production, shooting into the air at a recorded rate of 3,000 barrels per day. By the end of the 19th century the Russian Empire, particularly the Branobel company in Azerbaijan, had taken the lead in production. Access to oil was and still is a major factor in several military conflicts of the twentieth century, including World War II, during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were extensively bombed. Operation Barbarossa included the goal to capture the Baku oilfields, as it would provide much needed oil-supplies for the German military which was suffering from blockades. Oil exploration in North America during the early 20th century later led to the U.S. becoming the leading producer by mid-century. As petroleum production in the U.S. peaked during the 1960s, however, the United States was surpassed by Saudi Arabia and Russia.
Edward abdicated the throne in favour of his younger brother George VI He became the Duke of Windsor and went to exile in France, there was much bitterness between him and his family. He died of throat cancer World War II 1939-1945 Hitler´s invasion of Poland in September 1939 Great Britain and france declared war to Germany In 1940 Churchill became prime minister Germany conquered France in summer, Uk stood alone German bombed UK nightly, british were not beaten, Hitler gave up the invasion plans June 1941 Germany invaded Soviet Union Japan attacked Pearl Harbour, United States entered the war The UK, Soviet Union, United States and other Allies finally beated the Axis Power- germany, Italy, Japan) 360, 000 Britons died of war The Uited States and The Soviet union came out of the war as the world´s most powerful nations The phoney war A phase in early WW II during which the
anymore in the war. He says that he's crazy in order to get out of fighting. He is told that he can't be crazy. Military law catch 22. Dark humour, the absurdity of life. Situations seem foolish, unreasonable. We are controlled by language. Kurt Vonnegut 1922-2007 3 major events in life foudn the way into the writing. Hes unhappy college experience, his job with General Electric and his wartime experience in February of 1945 in the German city of Dresden. He was there when the city was bombed by the allied airforce. He was a prisoner of war, but survived. From his college years and from his job with GE, he aquired dislike of technology. When he was producing his books American society had become automated, operated by machines. As a result, millions of people lost their jobs because of the robots. He was aware of the mass society, mass production and he did not like it. He makes fun of the idea. The most important event of his life was the bombing of dresden. Vonnegut,being an
by their nature, location, purpose, use make an effective contribution to the military action and whose total or partial destruction, capture or neutralization, in the circumstances ruling at the time (nature of the object could be changed during the armed conflict), offer a definite military advantage. If soldiers leave the object and then there's now a hospital, it is not a military object anymore. E.g. USA bombed the Chinese embassy in Yugoslavia. Before there was the blabla ministry, but it moved and the US failed to figure it out. Principle of proportionality the sufferings of the civilians should be smaller than the military advantage. Also, there's a difference between bombing a clear military objective and a military objective near civilian objects. The latter should not be targeted.
petrol, Rommel's mobility in this highly fluid war of movement was seriously restricted, giving the Allies a considerable advantage. Hence in June of 1942 the British determined to make a large-scale attempt to relieve Malta. They planned to pass convoys through from the east and from the west simultaneously, thus preventing the Axis from concentrating all its might on either movement. To paralyze Italian surface forces, Britain heavily bombed the Taranto naval base, and to minimize Axis air attacks on the convoys, the British planned to destroy Axis airplanes just before the convoys sailed. This they would accomplish by bombing, by swift strikes of motorized forces on airfields near the front, and by sabotage from commandos parachuted onto other airfields deeper within the German lines. Fellers, who was in close touch with the situation, knew of these plans, and on June 11—the day the eastern half
Under deeply reflects the hard times. In the arts, life proceeded relatively vivaciously: many exhibitions; German officers and Estonians were consumers of art production, which had retained republican traditions gaining both aesthetic and nostalgic meaning. The musical life in Tallinn was quite lively. During the 1943-1944 season ten symphony concerts, thirteen special concerts and some chamber music evenings took place. It lasted until the spring of 1944 when the Soviet Air Force bombed all the major towns of Estonia. The Estonia Theatre in Tallinn and Tartu’s Vanemuine Theatre were destroyed. 1 Vares, under investigation by the Soviet NKVD for his activities in the Estonian War of Independence, committed suicide in Kadriorg Palace in Tallinn, in November. The outstanding achievements in music were the Third and Fourth Symphonies of Eduard Tubin.1 The Third (Heroic, 1942) is clearly connected with the spirit of folk music. The conductor Olav Roots wrote later:
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