levels of all six burdens and outcomes in the total sample revealed the following: Neighborhood satisfaction could be predicted from multiple stressors and resources that co-occur independently, while more general health symptoms were related only to perceived air pollution (Honold et al, 2013) The effects of environmental burdens may be implicit · Exposure to uncontrollable stimuli produces deficits in task performance linked to learned helplessness. Many of these stimuli are environmental stressors. Both acute and chronic exposure to noise, crowding, traffic congestion, and pollution are capable of causing learned helplessness in adults and children. Pre-exposure to brief, acute environmental stressors that are uncontrollable produces learned helplessness wherein participants manifest difficulties in learning a new task because of their mistaken belief that they are incapable of influencing their environment.
,, The Fighting `Temeraire' tugged to her Last Berth to be broken up". Joseph Mallord William Turner was born on 23 April 1775. He was an English Romantic landscape painter, watercolourist and printmaker. He has laid the foundation for Impressionism. Turner is also one of the greatest masters of British watercolour landscape painting. He is commonly known as "the painter of light". One of his main themes was the helplessness and smallness of man against the destructive forces of nature. One of my favourite paintings is "The Fighting `Temeraire' tugged to her Last Berth to be broken up. Turner was in his sixties when he painted this painting. It shows his mastery of painting techniques to suggest sea and sky. It depicts one of the last second-rate ships of the line which played a distinguished role in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Turner's main concern was to evoke
Ella was sitting on the couch and listening to her favourite song, trying not to hear the howling wind and the baying of distant dogs outside. The volume was set almost unbearably loud because she knew that all scary movies started with the main character hearing footsteps or creaking from the attic. She pretended to read a magazine and hum along with the music but she couldn't even deceive herself enough to get her mind off from her loneliness and helplessness. Suddenly, and it all seemed to happen at the same time, the music stopped and the clock struck twelve. As Ella had been dreading the room became silent for a minute. She couldn't force herself to move. All her worst nightmares were becoming real. She started hearing all kinds of voices from the attic. All at once the barking dogs went mad; she heard a crazed laughter coming from the attic and a thump. That was the last thing Ella remembered when she woke up- she had fainted and now when
Revealing Mystic Truths 1967 · Tõeline kunstnik aitab maailma avaldades müstilisi tõdesid. Setting a Good Corner 1999 · Kordusesitusel olev video kunstnikust nurgaposti seadmas. World Peace 1996 · Viis ekraani, kus neli naist ja üks mees peavad monolooge Maailma Rahu teemal. Learned Helplessness in Rats (Rock and Roll Drummer 1988 · Installatsioon koosneb labürindist, kaamerast, video projektorist, kahest monitorist ja kahest videolõigust. Henry Moore bound to fail, back view(19671970) · Selle töö eest maksti 9 miljonit dollarit ühel oksjonil 2001. aastal.
Ootused ( Expectancy)-E Kinnitamise/sarrustuse väärtus (Reinforcement Value) - RV BP = f(E & RV) 2. Social learning theory sotsiaalne õppimine Tunnetatud kontrollkese (locus of control) a) internaalne (pingutus, võimed) b) eksternaalne (juhus, ülesande raskusaste) Näit. Püsiv atributsioonistiil Põhjuse stabiilsus, kontrollitavus, asukoht. Näit. Martin Seligman - õpitud abitus (learned helplessness), õpitud pessimism, õpitud optimism II Walter Mischel ( 1930 - ) isiksus ja keskkond a) kompetentsus (competency) olukorra analüüs; tegevus, mis viib edule b) situatsiooni kategoriseerimine, kodeerimise strateegiad (characterizing event) personaalne tähendus, eesmärgist sõltuv c) ootused (expectancies) tulemuste prognoos, mis toetub kogemusele d) subjektiivsed väärtused, tulemuste tähendus (values
Ootused ( Expectancy)-E Kinnitamise/sarrustuse väärtus (Reinforcement Value) - RV BP = f(E & RV) 2. Social learning theory sotsiaalne õppimine Tunnetatud kontrollkese (locus of control) a) internaalne (pingutus, võimed) b) eksternaalne (juhus, ülesande raskusaste) Näit. Püsiv atributsioonistiil Põhjuse stabiilsus, kontrollitavus, asukoht. Näit. Martin Seligman - õpitud abitus (learned helplessness), õpitud pessimism, õpitud optimism II Walter Mischel ( 1930 - ) isiksus ja keskkond a) kompetentsus (competency) olukorra analüüs; tegevus, mis viib edule b) situatsiooni kategoriseerimine, kodeerimise strateegiad (characterizing event) personaalne tähendus, eesmärgist sõltuv c) ootused (expectancies) tulemuste prognoos, mis toetub kogemusele d) subjektiivsed väärtused, tulemuste tähendus (values
The word comes from printing (describes the printing plate used to produce the same image over and over again). Culture shock: is precipitated (caused) by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of our social intercourse. Symptoms: Excessive washing of the hands. Excessive concern over drinking water, food, dishes and bedding. Fear of physical contact with attendants and servants. The absent, far-away stare (the tropical stare). A feeling of helplessness. Delay or refusal to learn the lg of the host country. Excessive fear of being cheated. Excessive concern over minor pains. Terrible longing to be back home. Reverse CS- re-entry shock- the unexpected confrontation with the familiar. Cultural dimensions. Non-verbal communication Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through
Latentne õppimine Edward C Tolman (Tolman on tuntud oma uuringute tõttu labürinte kasutavate rottide kohta.) Õppimisega kaasneb muudatus teadmistes aga mitte käitumises. Õpitud abitus Martin Seligman 1975 - Ameerika Ühendriikide psühholoog, õpetaja ja eneseabiraamatute autor. Tema loodud on teaduslike ja kliiniliste psühholoogide seas populaarne õpitud abituse teooria. Õpitud abitus (inglise keeles learned helplessness) on seisund, milles loom või inimene, olles pandud eelnevalt ebameeldivasse keskkonda, mida ta oma käitumisega ei saa mõjutada, ei muuda oma käitumist ka siis, kui keskkonnatingimused on muutunud selliseks, kus tal oleks võimalik 27 28 ebameeldivust vältida. Sealjuures on õpitud abituse kujunemisel olulisem keskkonnatingimuste kontroll, mitte ebameeldivuse määr
· The working class novel. Alan sillitoe, david storey. John braine ,,room at the top". · Red-brick university education, intellectuality advanced, socially mobile; wasted time in the war-all rooms at the top taken-anger. 2.The philosophical novel. Existentsialism. Wiliam golding and iris murdoch. Fear-economic difficulties-aid from usa.intrusion of American lifestyle and mass-culture. Consumer society. Former values substituted by material values. Helplessness in the fae of the bomb. No longer possible to defend oneself, one's family. Iron curtain. Europe cut in two, automically weaponed superpowers in control, impossible to decide the destiny of one's county. Doom, pessimism. The philosophical novel. Existentsialism. Wiliam golding and iris murdoch. Existentsialsm-general problem of existence. Always a subject of literature. Entered the realm of philosophy. A merging of philosophy and literature
underlying their behaviors. And I found them. Psychologists and scholars have spent many years researching the psychology of success and the psychology of failure. And most of the studies conclude that there are two major mental blocks that hold people back. The first is what Dr. Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania, in his book, Learned Optimism (Knopf, 1990), calls “learned helplessness.” According to his re- search, this attitude afflicts fully 80 percent of the population to some degree, and for many people it is their major obstacle to success and fulfillment. ■ FEELING TRAPPED As the result of childhood experiences, especially destructive criti- cism and early failure experiences, people eventually reach the point
1) avatus 2) kohusetunne/meelekindlus 3) ekstravertsus 4) lahedus/seltsivus 5) neurootilisus Kognitiiv-käitumuslikud teooriad rõhutatakse sotsiaalse õppimise ning sotsiaalsete kasvutingimuste olulisust isiksuse kujunemisel. Isiksus kujuneb suhtlemises ja koostegevuses. Tüüpilised käitumismustrid sõltuvad sellest, millist tagajärge on ette näha ja milline on eeldatava tulemuse olulisus inimesele. M.Seligman (s. 1942) õpitud abitus (learned helplessness) A.Bandura (s. 1925) enesetõhusus (self-efficacy) Humanistlikud ja fenomenoloogilised teooriad rõhutatakse isiksuse unikaalsust ja arenemisvõimelisust. Indiviid areneb madalamate vajaduste rahuldamiselt kõrgematele, kuni tippelamuseni välja. Isiksuse uurimine: Kaudsed meetodid: - Projektiivtestid esitatakse testiküsimused tajutava materjaline, mida vastaja peab tõlgendama. Eeldatakse, et sellise materjali tõlgendamine väljendab isiksuse kalduvusi, huvisid, muresid jms
1) avatus 2) kohusetunne/meelekindlus 3) ekstravertsus 4) lahedus/seltsivus 5) neurootilisus Kognitiiv-käitumuslikud teooriad – rõhutatakse sotsiaalse õppimise ning sotsiaalsete kasvutingimuste olulisust isiksuse kujunemisel. Isiksus kujuneb suhtlemises ja koostegevuses. Tüüpilised käitumismustrid sõltuvad sellest, millist tagajärge on ette näha ja milline on eeldatava tulemuse olulisus inimesele. M.Seligman (s. 1942) – õpitud abitus (learned helplessness) A.Bandura (s. 1925) – enesetõhusus (self-efficacy) Humanistlikud ja fenomenoloogilised teooriad – rõhutatakse isiksuse unikaalsust ja arenemisvõimelisust. Indiviid areneb madalamate vajaduste rahuldamiselt kõrgematele, kuni tippelamuseni välja. Isiksuse uurimine: Kaudsed meetodid: - Projektiivtestid – esitatakse testiküsimused tajutava materjaline, mida vastaja peab tõlgendama. Eeldatakse, et sellise materjali tõlgendamine väljendab isiksuse kalduvusi,
science... dozens of systematic replications with a 1000 subjects from as diverse backgrounds as possible...." Kontrollikese, õpitud abitus · Julian Rotter kontrollikese/locus of control. · Internaalid: usuvad, et nad ise kontrollivad oma elusündmusi ja määravad, mis nendega juhtub · Eksternaalid: määravad on välised mõjud teised inimesed, saatus, õnn ... · Martin Seligman õpitud abitus/learned helplessness. Katsed rottide ja koertega. · Subjektiivne kontrollitunne vähendab abitust · Subjektsus ja kontroll Mõjustamise psühholoogia Robert Cialdini mõjustamisvõtted. Näited. Vastastikkus: võlgnevustunde pealesurumine Meeldivus: isiklikud suhted mõjustamise relvana Nappus: hirm ilma jääda KOKKUVÕTTEKS 36
Laste endi häält on One of the indicators of overall quality of children's neid puudutavate otsuste vastuvõtmisel vähe (praktiliselt üldse envi-ronment and well-being is a subjective sense of security. mitte) kuulda võetud, ometi teavad lapsed kõige paremini, mis The sense of insecurity is a key concept, which is used as an tunne on olla laps tänapäeva kasvatustegelikkuses. Laste umbrella concept for subjective feelings of helplessness, kuulamist võib takistada nn naiivne dispositsioon: lapselt ei tasu anxiety, worry and fear (La-hikainen et ai, 1995; Lahikainen küsida, laps pole võimeline vastama, sest ta on ju ainult laps and Kraav, 1996). Empirically we interpret children's insecurity (Weckroth 1994, 71). Täiskasvanute võimalus tagada lapse as a general notion linking such phe-nomena as distress, anxiety, heaolu ja mõjutada ühiskonnas vastuvõetavaid otsuseid lastele
We beg for everything; we are more dependent on our colonial masters than when we received our independence from them. Africa owes the West more money than we and our generations to come can pay. I arrived in America in December of 1967as an official of what we believed was going to be a dynamic African nation – the young Republic of Biafra. But Biafra was defeated and Nigeria remained one, as a giant of Africa. In the last 32 years, I have watched with horror and outright helplessness as the downward slide of the African race continues to escalate. But rather than address the problems, we resort to blaming the Caucasians, Asians and others for our misfortune. We are not men enough to accept responsibility for our actions. Africans blame either the British, French or little Portuguese/Spanish for their problems. Africans in America blame the Caucasians for all their problems, or any other ethic group they have allowed to take over their neighbours, a frequently recurring
If you are overweight and your parents are overweight, the inclination is to blame genetics, but this is only one possible explanation. Did fatness genes get passed on, or was it overeating behavior? After all, fat people tend to have fat pets. Even if you are predisposed to being overweight, you're not predestined to be fat. Eric Lander, leader of the Human Genome Project, has emphasized repeatedly the folly of learned helplessness through genetic determinism: People will think that because genes play a role in something, they determine everything. We see, again and again, people saying, "It's all genetic. I can't do anything about it." That's nonsense. To say that something has a genetic component does not make it unchangeable. Don't accept predisposition. You don't have to, and we can feed and train you toward a di erent physical future
In the Baltic states, film production has always been supported by the state. As Estonia entered a new era, co-operation with European producers seemed to be the only way out of the financial crisis. Seventeen film and video studios in addition to the State Television existed in Estonia in 1991. The film Rahu tänav (Peace Street, 1991), screenplay by Toomas Kall, directed by Roman Baskin, demonstrated the occupation process of the Red Army in 1940. This is a drama about helplessness before foreign brutal forces. As a grotesque “revolutionary” comedy, Minu Leninid (All My Lenins, 1997) of director Hardi Volmer (b.1957) laughs with black humour at the falsity and fallacious ideas of past times. At the international festivals, the existentialist-symbolist drama Georgica (1998), director Sulev Keedus (b. 1957), a search for humanity and eternal values, won wide attention. The documentaries cast light on topics unthinkable during Soviet times (the
" I tried to sound enthusiastic. I don't think I fooled him, though. A smile was playing around the edges of his lips. "Will you do something for me this weekend?" He turned to look me straight in the face, utilizing the full power of his burning gold eyes. I nodded helplessly. "Don't be offended, but you seem to be one of those people who just attract accidents like a magnet. So... try not to fall into the ocean or get run over or anything, all right?" He smiled crookedly. The helplessness had faded as he spoke. I glared at him. "I'll see what I can do," I snapped as I jumped out into the rain. I slammed the door behind me with excessive force. He was still smiling as he drove away. 6. SCARY STORIES As I sat in my room, trying to concentrate on the third act of Macbeth, I was really listening for my truck. I would have thought, even over the pounding rain, I could have heard the engine's roar. But when I went to peek out the curtain -- again -- it was suddenly there.
on Allies and lessons learned to get her out of a trap. T h e Approach stage is also a time to reorganize a group: to promote some members, sort out living, dead, and wounded, assign special missions, and so on. Archetypal masks may need to be changed as characters are made to perform new functions. W i t h her freedom of action removed, Dorothy has switched archetypal masks here, trading the Hero mask for that of the Victim, the archetype of helplessness. T h e three companions have also traded masks, being promoted from Trickster clowns or Allies, to full-fledged Heroes who will carry the action for a while. T h e audience may find that assumptions about the characters are being overturned as surprising new qualities emerge under the pressure of Approach. T h e sense that the heroes must face some things without the help of protec tive spirits is reminiscent of many mythic tales of trips to the underworld. H u m a n
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