Enlightenment
Kristiina Rooma
Henri Zirnask
Alvar Käen
Overall
The Enlightenment is commonly dated to the
middle of the eighteenth century.
The European Enlightenment developed in part
due to an energetic group of French thinkers
who thrived in the middle of the eighteenth
century. They were called :
"The Philosophes"
John Locke
August 29, 1632
October 28, 1704 .
English philosopher.
One of the most
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Alvar Käen
Õppematerjali autor
Describe the main ideas of the European Enlightenment? Enlightenment as a term took into use germans philosopher Immanuel Kant in one of his articles,in 1784,but enlightenment as a way of thinking was established even earlier.The Enlightenment was a period after the Renaissance where philosophers and scientists began to question previous ideas, which explains the motto of the enlightenment, "Dare to know", created by Kant.With this kind of terminology,enlighteners wanted to express human race exit from the mental blindness.Maiden enlightenment philosophers lived on the 17th century,its glory continued till the 19th century.The powerful Enlightenment ideas of the eighteenth century, concerning reason and natural law, spread widely throughout Europe and its colonies and gave hope to many people for future progress and reform.
The Romantic writers understood the greatness of the writers of the Age of Reason, but they felt the need to strike out new directions. They tended to believe that the Augustan dedication to common sense and experience, reasonableness and tradition had resulted in a limitation of vision. Writers of The age of Reason tended to regard evil as basic part of human nature Romantic writers generally saw humanity as naturally good. In the picture is The encyclopedia of the Age of Enlightenment. Music In music composers started to use folk. There was larger variety of instruments, long dramatic melodies, extreme tempos, dissonant harmonies. Some of the Romantic Era Composers: Ludwig van Beethoven, who was regarded by many as the first Romantic composer, Carl Maria von Weber, Daniel Auber, Ferdinando Carulli and many more. Important to Composers was to move their audiences, rather than concerning themselves with the structural discipline of Classical forms. Art
The making of a new nation. The Enlightenment in America. The emergence of the notion of the American Dream. The great Enlighteners: Crèvecoeur, Jefferson, Paine, Franklin. The American Enlightenment is the intellectual thriving period in the United States in the midtolate 18th century (17151789), especially as it relates to American Revolution on the one hand and the European Enlightenment on the other. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century and the humanist period during the Renaissance, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature, society, and religion. American Enlightenment a gradual but powerful awakening that established the ideals of democracy, liberty, and religious tolerance in the people of America.
English literature is one of the oldest literatures in Europe; dates back to the 6th century AD. Oral literature, i.e. not written down, spread from person to person. In 449 AD Anglo-‐Saxon tribes invaded England – beginning of the Anglo-‐Saxon period in English literature. The first form of literature was folklore, carried by scops and gleemen, who sang in alliterative verse (a kind of simple poetry). Prose developed much later. The first form of recorded English literature was the epic Beowulf, which was produced sometime near the end of the 7th and beginning ?
............................................................................................................................. 3 Population and social structure........................................................................................ 4 Serfdom and the intensifying manorial economy ............................................................. 4 Influences of Pietism and the Moravian Brethren............................................................. 5 Enlightenment and enlightened absolutism...................................................................... 6 18501918.............................................................................................................................. 8 The national awakening................................................................................................... 8 The russification period...................................................................................................
Halley's comet. The Great Fie of London happened in 1666 2nd September. Previous to the fire it had been very dry and the fire started in a Pudding Lane bakery, where a baker had brought dry firewood and placed it near a fireplace. There were very few casualties due to the wind, the direction of which allowed the denizens to escape. The fire burned for 3 days and decimated 2/3 thirds of the city, to be rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren. THE ENLIGHTENMENT Britain prospered due to the productivity of its colonies in India and North America. Of course, many other countries also wanted those colonies and England waged wars with France, Spain and the Netherlands. Textile industry became the most important and developed industry in England. It was a time of domestic peace and prosperity. Queen Anne (1702 1714). Her successors were in fact German they didn't even speak English ans were the beginning of the Hannove dynasty
Mathematical methods. Universe as great machine. God’s beneficence. An Omnisient, infinitely wise and divine presence superintended the world. Old belief of care-taking good Providence could now be proved as based on demonstrable fact – moral assurance. Away medieval superstition. Clarification and rational conviction based on fact. Till then life was mysterious. Discoveries. God’s law were shown directing things according to its natre and divine order. Dawn of enlightenment. Scientists revealed a sysematic universe – God in Nature as the greatest of artists. Isaac Newton: coupling of empirical observation with mathematical method. Principle of gravitation (Proof of the old concept of unity). The calculus method. Theory of light (prism). Lot of fear and superstition removed, more confidence in intellect, better understanding of Nature, science gave freedom and new hope. Belief that life in all aspects could be improved bu the use of intelligence. 16
"). Stress marks are mandatory in lexical dictionaries and books for children or Russian learners. Part 2. Russian literature Russian literature refers to the literature of Russia and its émigrés and to the Russian-language literature of several independent nations once a part of what was historically Rus', the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union. The roots of Russian literature can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old Russian were composed. By the Age of Enlightenment, literature had grown in importance, and from the early 1830s, Russian literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. Romanticism permitted a flowering of poetic talent: Vasily Zhukovsky and later his protégé Alexander Pushkin came to the fore. Prose was flourishing as well. The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. Then came Ivan Turgenev, who mastered both short stories and novels. Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky soon became internationally renowned
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