Margit Tepner k0848752 Sustainability aspects of biofuels 1. Introduction The literature review will discuss the sustainability aspects of biofuels. Food production will be the main concern as it is the most debated issue, but other aspects, such as land use change and water consumption will be also considered as they are essential aspects in the biofuels sustainability criteria. The review will discuss the viability of biofuels based on the current technologies. Second-generation biofuels are not yet commercially viable and therefore will not be discussed; although they could significantly improve the sustainability of biofuels when they break through to the industrial scale. 2. The scale of biofuels production 2.1. Drivers of biofuels production Lal (2010) stated that "three inter-connected challenges face humankind in the 21st century": food security, climate change, and energy security
Harjutusülesanne 1 1.1. Raamatu otsing e - kataloogist ESTER Otsivõimalus Otsiprofiil Raamatute arv TTÜRs Raamatute arv TÜRs Märksõna Biokütused 60 35 Sõna Biofuels 5 10 UDK 502.3/.7 109 279 Luque Rafael, Melero Juan A. (2012). Advances in Biodiesel Production: Processes and Technologies. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing. 1.2. Rahvusvaheline kümnendliigitus UDK a) genoomid - 575 b) spektrofotomeetria - 543 c) orgaaniline süntees - 547 d) komposiitmaterjalid 620-419 1.3. e-ajakirja otsing e- väljaannete otsivahendiga A - to Z 1
Manual For Biofuels Koostas: Margus Mäe Introduction This book told me a lot of practical uses of solid biofuels and peat compustion technologies in estonia and baltic sea countries. The hole technological chain from production to flue gas cleaning is brought to reader ´s. Also the energy policy and reguierment for users is shown. Properties of boifuels and peat In the boiler plants of Baltic Sea countries a wide range of various woodbased fuels are burned. To some extent also straw and other biomass based fuels are used. All these fuels are considered as renewables
Oh and the wind has to blow. Hydropower Power to the Water · By using earth's · 90% energy water cycles and efficient compared running water used to natural gas threw mostly dams being 50% to provide energy. efficient. · Hydropower is · The only problem about 1/3 the cost is, you need water. of using fossil fuels and about 1/6 the cost of natural gas. Biofuels · Using natural I Love you Plants materials to turn into fuel or forms of combustible energy. · Which is mostly plants and plant products Cost Efficient? · A study done by OSU So much for the love.... · Going to biofuels would be like adding a new gas tax. About 25 cents. · And it is not proven to reduce green house gases and may even produce more of them. Geothermal Energy -By using heat from the earth's crust in forms of
Wood based fuels sources •Energy forest •Forest biomass •Recycled wood Wood Biomass • Biologicalmaterial derived from living, or recently living organisms. • Can be used after converting it to various forms of biofuel. • Woodchips • Pellets Bioenergy • Energy produced from biomass. • Electricity, heat, and transportation fuels. • Eesti Energia and bioenergy. Benefits of Biomass • Environmental Benefits • Economic Benefits • Energy Benefits Biofuels • Solid fuels Pellets, briquettes • Liquid fuels Ethanol Bio-diesel Conclusion • Attractive renewable energy source. • Environmental, economic, and energy benefits to society. • Challenges and barriers do exist. References • „Forest bioenergy produstion“ Seppo kellomäki, Antti Kilpeläinen, Ashraful Alam • http://www.forestbioenergy.net/ THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!!
transporting petroleum: Dmitri Mendeleev In 1863 Petroleum Pipeline construction Route (right of way) Selection Surveying the route Clearing the route Trenching - Main Route and Crossings (roads, rail, other pipes, etc.) Installing the pipe Installing valves, intersections, etc. Covering the pipe and trench What can transport through the pipeline? Liquids Gases Solid capsules The most popular and valuable: Oil Natural gas A pipeline carries Biofuels crude oil through the deserts of Saudi Arabia Pipelines by purpose Gathering pipelines small diameter, short distances Transportation pipelines big diameter, long distances Distribution pipelines small diameter, short distances Pigging Cleaning the pipeline without
Ülesanne 2 Infootsing raamatukogu andmebaasidest 2.1. Otsing andmebaasist Compendex Engineering Village platvormil 2.1.1.Leia kompleksotsinguga Quick Search artikleid teemal Thermal treatment of physical properties of polyethylene a) otsivälju "All Fields" - leidsin 176 kirjet b) otsivälju "Ei controlled terms"- leidsin 4 kirjet 2.1.2. Leia Tehnikaülikooli teaduri Malle Krunksi artiklid andmebaasis Compendex a) mitu artiklit leidsid? Leidsin 59 artiklit 2.2. Otsing andmebaasist ProQuest Science Journals 2.2.1.Leia Jim Browni artikkel Tools for all jobs. a) Ava artikli täistekst ja leia, millist firmat Jim Brown juhatab - Tech-Clarity Inc b) Kirjelda otsistrateegiat: otsiprofiil: au(Jim Browni) AND (Tools for all jobs) 2.2.2. Ava andmebaasi ProQuest tesaurus: Advanced Search/Thesaurus a) esita kitsamad ja laiemad märksõnad, mida võib kasutada ökosüsteemide (ecosystems) kohta kirjanduse leidmisel. - laiemad (broader) märksõnad: env...
............................................................................................. 9 Kasutatud kirjandus .................................................................................................................. 10 2 1. Sissejuhatus Antud referaat käsitleb Jeffrey S. Gaffney ja Nancy A. Marley poolt loodud artiklit ,,The impacts of combustion emissions on air quality and climate From coal to biofuels and beyond". Artikkel annab ülevaate fossiilsete kütuste ja biokütuste mõjust õhu kvaliteedile, inimeste tervisele ning kliimale. Uurimise alla on võetud süsi, kütteõlid, bensiin, diiselkütus, metanool, etanool, hargnenud ahelaga eeterlisandid (MTBE e. methyl tertiary-butyl ether ja ETBE e. Ethyl tertiary-butyl ether), maagaas ja veeldatud bensiini gaas (LPG e. liquefied petroleum gas) ning biodiisel. 3 2. Kütused ning emissioon
are common sources of biomass energy. Manure, garbage, and crops such as corn, soy, and sugar cane can also be used as biomass feedstocks. We get energy from biomass by burning it. Wood chips, manure, and garbage are dried out and compressed into squares called "briquettes." Biomass can also be converted into biofuel. A major advantage of biomass is that it can be stored and used when it is needed. Negative aspects of biomass energy Growing crops for biofuels requires large amounts of land and pesticides. Some pesticides could pollute the air and water. Biomass energy can also be a non renewable energy source. If people do not replant biomass feedstocks as fast as they use them, biomass energy becomes a nonrenewable energy source. Conclusion Renewable energy is generated from natural resources. Renewable energy sources are sunlight, wind, geothermal heat, water and various forms of biomass. These renewable sources cannot be
"One size fits all" means that CO2 would thus be subject to national regulations, and the Bush administration couldn't cut deals with every industry individually. Oh, the affront to democracy. *Hilariously, Bush said that such incentives "should be technology-neutral because the government should not be picking winners and losers" - not noticing, apparently, that elsewhere in the speech he promised billions in subsidies to "clean" coal, nuclear power and biofuels. *Ultimately, the speech itself was a sideshow. No one cares what Bush thinks about climate, and nothing he does will particularly constrain the next administration. But the subtle shaping of the debate, the themes, the buzzwords, are not unique to him. They are the means by which the American conservative movement will continue to protect its corporate backers at the expense of the public. http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/fs/46741.htm
11.2011 5) Liiber, Ü., Rootsmaa, V., Saar, E., Uibo, M. (2007) Maailma ühiskonnageograafia gümnaasiumile. Töövihik. Eesti Loodusfoto 6) Major mineral fuel resources in Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia Maps and Graphics at UNEP/GRID Arendal. Loetud: http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/major-mineral-fuel-resources- in-europe-caucasus-and-central-asia1, 24.11.2011 7) Quantitive UK Biofuel Production. Loetud: http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/02- 03/biofuels/quant_production.htm, 24.11.2011 8) United Kingdom Analysis U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Loetud: http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=UK, 21.11.2011 9) Uranium mining Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Loetud: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining#United_Kingdom, 24.11.2011
Ökoloogilised miinused · Kui energiatootmiseks kasutatavad biomassikultuurid on enamasti mitmeaastase, siis transpordikütuseid toodetakse üheaastastest kultuuridest (raps, suhkrupeet). · Ökoloogilisest seisukohast peetaks mitmeaastaseid kultuure paljudele putukatele, lindudele ja loomadele vastuvõetavamaks, pakkudes suuremat ökoloogilist stabiilsust ja varjevõimalusi ka näiteks väljaspool vegetatsiooniperioodi. Pildid https://sciencetrends.com/biofuels-pros-cons-true-advantage-biomass-energy/ http://theearthproject.com/biomass-energy-types/ https://web.extension.illinois.edu/ethanol/cellulosic.cfm http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2014/ph240/zarubin1/ https://energiatalgud.ee/img_auth.php/8/81/ Kask,_Ü._Bioetanooli_kasutamise_eeldused_ja_võimalused_Eestis.pdf
How to produce bioenergy from agricultural resources without harming the environment Jürgen Aosaar Jaak-Albert Metsoja Ahto Oja BOVA cource on biogas from biomass March 3-7 2008 Tartu Deciduous tree species on abandoned agricultural land Current situation • The long term development plan of the Estonian energy industry foresees a reduction in the use of fossil fuels and an increase in the share of biofuels: by the year 2010 renewable energy must account for 5.1% of total energy consumption Current situation (2) • In Estonia we have abandoned arable land about 400 000 ha, part of it is overgrowing naturally, and another part has been afforested • For short-rotation forestry in Estonia, ecologically and economically the most suitable tree is probably grey alder, which is a highly productive and soil improving species Grey alder
Geothermal and conventional hydropower played only minor roles in the industrial sector. The residential sector also consumed wood for space heating and solar energy for water heating and electricity. The commercial sector accounted for just 2 percent of total renewable energy consumption. The transportation sector was the fastest growing sector, consuming 40 percent more renewable fuel between 2005 and 2006. This is mainly due to increased ethanol consumption, by far the larger component of biofuels during those years. Renewable energy used to produce electricity contributed 4.229 quadrillion Btu or 61 percent of total renewable energy consumption in 2006 . Ninety percent of this energy was consumed in the electric power sector, which includes traditional electric utilities and independent power producers whose primary purpose is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Almost all of the remainder is used by the industrial sector
Kaloyeros, Ph.D., vice president of CNSE. "In healthcare, for example, nanotech will be used to develop biochips for blood testing and DNA sequencing, smart chips for spinal cord injury and other physical challenges, chip-controlled patches for drug delivery and monitoring of bodily functions, and non-intrusive sensors for detection of disease, such as cancer cells." Other key sectors that will benefit are alternative renewable energy (environmentally friendly biofuels), solar cells and photovoltaics, and national defense. "The power of nanotechnology is rooted in its ability to impact multiple industries," says Kaloyeros. "Nanotechnology is quite simply the most critical and enabling science and engineering discipline of the 21st century. As such, it will drive technological innovation and economic prosperity far into the future."
mai 2010 15. ,,Biokütus Eesti energiamajanduses", Ilmar Öpik, Eesti mets, veebruar 2001, lk 11-12 16. http://www.eava.ee/opiobjektid/mto/biokytus/5_bioktuste_tootmisest_eestis.html, viimati alla laetud 21. mai 2010 17. http://epha.ee/File/Biokytuste%20kasutamine%20ja%20selle%20piisavus %20Eestis_Tartu.pdf, viimati alla laetud 15. mai 2010 18. http://www.tamult.ee/web/?l=ee&c=231&a=1509, viimati alla laetud 15. mai 2010 19. http://keetsa.com/blog/eco-friendly/biofuels-answer-fuel-issues-what-about-food/, viimati alla laetud 15. mai 2010 11
.. 46 13.7 Geothermal energy and the environment..................................................................46 BIOMASS............................................................................................................................46 14.1 Wood and wood waste..............................................................................................47 14.2 Municipal solid waste, landfill gas, and biogas........................................................48 14.3 Biofuels - ethanol and biodiesel............................................................................... 48 2 14.4 Biomass and the environment...................................................................................49 COAL.................................................................................................................................. 50 15.1 How we get coal....................................
and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Alternatives to using oil in industry Biological feedstocks do exist for industrial uses such as Bioplastic production. Alternatives to burning petroleum for electricity Main articles: Alternative energy, Nuclear power, and Renewable energy In oil producing countries with little refinery capacity, oil is sometimes burned to produce electricity. Renewable energy technologies such as solar power, wind power, micro hydro, biomass and biofuels are used, but the primary alternatives remain large scale hydroelectricity, nuclear and coal-fired generation. Future of petroleum production Consumption in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has been abundantly pushed by automobile growth; the 1985–2003 oil glut even fueled the sales of low economy vehicles in OECD countries. In 2008, the economic crisis seems to have some impact on the sales of such vehicles; still, the 2008 oil consumption shows a small increase. The
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