Early chronicles of Estonian history illustrate this diversity of perspective. Johann Renner, a Baltic German, held his own people in high esteem, deeming them the people of God. He implied this when he wrote that God would save His people from the hand of Gog. He seems to indicate that Gog was the Muscovite people. Perhaps the Muscovite people truly were vicious towards Baltic peoples, but perhaps not. Whatever the case, his biases colored his writing, likely distorting the truth as to how things actually were and how events actually happened.1 The same can be said of chronicles written by German B. Russow, who praised Swedish rule, and D. Fabricius, a Catholic Pole who favored Polish rule and rendered a Polish perspective of history. Russian history during the imperial period also shows such an ideological influence. Juri Fiodorovitsch Samanarin, for example, strove to explain to the
Four particular issues have been identified in this collective body of criticism. First, questions have been raised about the appropriateness of unilinear conceptions of development in explaining a wide range of pictorial imagery produced by children. adolescents, and adults. Second, a disparity has been noted between the breadth of the world of art and the narrowness of the focus on visual realism that has served as the endpoint in these developmental models. Third, cultural biases that mark these models have been identified theoretically and empirically. Fourth, insufficient recognition has been paid to the role of other modalities of expression in some forms of pictorial representation(e.g., Duncum, 1986; Golomb, 1994; Kindler &Darras, 1997b, 1998; Korzenik, 1995; Wolf, 1994; Wolf & Perry, 1998) . Critics of the traditional stage models of development argued that alternative explanations are necessary to account for the range of pictorial
8. A project announced projekt väljakuulutatud 9. Very prominent role in our lives väga esileküündiv roll meie elus 10. mass media can give a person phenomenal exposure massi meedia saab anda inimese fenomaalse paljastuse. 11. without exaggerating the power ilma jõu liialdamiseta 12. to produce quality material that is deemed appropriate to use tootma kvaliteetset materjali, mis on peetud sobivaks kasutamiseks. 13. to corporate policies that reflect management's biases ühendama poliitikat mis kajastab juhtkondade baase 14. Protesters will hoist their placards and start chanting protestijad heiskavad enda plakatid ja hakkavad skandeerima. 15. high priority on profitable operations kõrge prioriteet kasulikkudel operatsioonidel 16. are under relentless pressure on järelejätmata pressi all 17. Most overseas bureaus have been replaced enamik ülemere büroosid on asendatud. 18. large commercial subsidiaries suured reklaami lisad 19
Two cultural translations of Romania as instances of intercultural communication As Beaven shows, `[t]ravel writing might be considered the intercultural narrative par excellence, as it is about the interplay between observer and observed, between a traveller's own philosophical biases and preconceptions and the test those ideas and prejudices endure as a result of the journey' (2007, p. 191). The travel genre addresses, of course, the readers of the author's home: Ireland and Britain in Murphy's case, the USA and Britain in Hoffman's. The writers' narratives follow
tegelikult on.“ - reaalselt kriisi pole, langeb vastupidavus, vanadus tuleb aga eluga rahulolu tõuseb: märksõnadeks kindlustunne, oskus elada olemas, majanduslik stabiilsus saavutatud. Võetakse vastu ka uusi väljakutseid, laiendatakse võimeid – lapsed suured, majanduslikult polnud enne võimalik. Suhteid osatakse oskuslikumalt reguleerida ja neist rõõmu tunda – pole eesmärgipärased ainult. • Teoreetilised ja metodoloogilised kitsaskohad – biases, arvatakse, et on mingi keskeakriis, saadakse tulemus, mida tahakse, küsitavaused metodoloogiliselt nõrgaks kohaks (longituudid näitavad, et keskeakriisi pole – keskkondlik artefakt) Galambos, N.L., Fang, S., Krahn, H.J., Johnson, M.D., Lachman. M.E. (2015). Up, not down: The age curve in happiness from early adulthood to midlife in two longitudinal studies. Developmental Psychology, 51 (11): 1665.
Leon Festinger: sotsiaalse võrdluse teooria LF: vajadus ennast määratleda, võrdlus sarnaste teistega, olulisemaks seda, kus/mis minul tugev, võrdluspartnerite teadlik otsimine "One strategy for this is downward self-comparison comparing oneself to people who are worse off than us (contrast to upward social comparison). This, and other self-enhancement strategies, may lead to inflated opinions of ourselves positive biases" Läänemailmas - püüd positiivse enesekäsitluse suunas selle alusel eneseväärikus, eneseaustus, enesekindlus. Enesehinnang kui "sotsiaalne vaktsiin" ebaõnnestumiste vastu Kultuurimallid: I'm fine, läheb normaalselt Enesehinnang kui probleem Eneseteadlikkus (self-awareness). Csikszentmihalyi inimene on kõige õnnelikum siis, kui ta ei pane tähele, et ta on olemas. Flow! Positiivse enesehinnangu tähtsus Enesekaitse: tähtsustan edu ja
• Leon Festinger: sotsiaalse võrdluse teooria • LF: vajadus ennast määratleda, võrdlus sarnaste teistega, olulisemaks seda, kus/mis minul tugev, võrdluspartnerite teadlik otsimine • “One strategy for this is downward self-comparison à comparing oneself to people who are worse off than us (contrast to upward social comparison). This, and other self- enhancement strategies, may lead to inflated opinions of ourselves à positive biases” • Läänemailmas - püüd positiivse enesekäsitluse suunas – selle alusel eneseväärikus, eneseaustus, enesekindlus. Enesehinnang kui “sotsiaalne vaktsiin” ebaõnnestumiste vastu • Kultuurimallid: I’m fine, läheb normaalselt Enesehinnang kui probleem • Eneseteadlikkus (self-awareness). Csikszentmihalyi – inimene on kõige õnnelikum siis, kui ta ei pane tähele, et ta on olemas. Flow!
3 3.12.2011 Piirangud/soovitused Check of biases - Perceptional. Self-reporting bias. Sotsiaalselt soovitavad vastused. · Vastanute määr Response rate Tundlikud küsimused. Kalduvus. Olukordlik surve (Donaldson & Grant-Vallone, 2002) · Tulemustel tuleb kontrollida terve rea Mitte tundlikud küsimused. Sümmeetriline lähtepositsioon (mõlemad, kõrvalekallete olemasolu:
Allgeier, A. R., Byrne, D., Brooks, B., 8{ Revnes, D. (1979). The waffle phenomenon: Nega- tive evaluations of those who shift attitudinally. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9, 170- 182. Allison, S. T., 8{ Messick, D. M. (1988). The feature-positive effect, attitude strength, and degree of perceived con census. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 23 1- 24 I. Allison, S. T., Mackie, D. M., Muller, M. M., 8{Worth, 1. T. (1993). Sequential correspon- dence biases and perceptions of change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 151- 157. Anderson, S. M., 8{ Zimbardo, P. G. (1984). On resisting social influence. Cultic Studies Journal, I, 196-219. Ardry, R. (1970). The social contract. New York; Atheneum. Aronson, E. (1975, February). The jigsaw route to learning and liking. Psychology Today, PP·43-5 0 . Aronson, E., 8{ Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group.
As a result, a qualitative approach was used. Qualitative data provides in-depth knowledge in the form of words rather than numbers. This thesis is qualitative in that it tries to determine the effects of 3D and BIM on the traditional construction practices through the experiences and stories of the participants. Qualitative methods allow for the researchers to bring their personal-self into the research along with their researcher-self. Biases, values, and interests are acknowledged and included in the reporting. Qualitative research looks at the research setting from the viewpoint of deep understanding rather than micro-analysis of limited variables. Instead of trying to prove or disprove a hypothesis, qualitative research looks for themes, theories, and general patterns that emerge from the data. Qualitative research is “hypothesis-generating” rather than serving to test a hypothesis (Merriam, 1988).
of some events, while overestimating others, is a principal cause of enormous pain. This book should be required reading. The Corporation, DVD (www.fourhourbody.com/corporation) This is a disturbing documentary about the American corporation and its relentless pursuit of pro t at the expense of our culture. This lm gives you a glimpse into how heavily companies can skew health reports when they have a vested interest in the findings. See the next chapter. "List of Cognitive Biases" (www.fourhourbody.com/biases) We are all susceptible to cognitive biases, including the scientists who produce "bad science." Review the list at this URL and ask yourself whether you're mindlessly accepting as fact things you hear or read. End of Chapter Notes 3. Also called population, cohort, or epidemiological studies. 4. The one exception is if the effect is so huge that it can't be explained in any other way
not exceeded. A digital potentiometer has some limitations because it uses analog switches to connect to taps on a solid-state resistor. The AD5220 resis- tor terminals (A, B, and W) cannot be driven above the positive supply or below ground. The AD5220 would not work as a volume control in the circuit shown in Figure 6.18A because the coupling capacitor causes the A terminal to swing below ground. In Figure 6.18B, a resistor, the same value as the AD5220 resistance, biases the A terminal at 2.5v, half the supply voltage. In this circuit, the AD5220 potentiometer connections will remain within the 0–5V operating range of the part, as long as the audio input signal amplitude doesn’t exceed 5v p-p (peak to peak). An alternate connection is also shown, with two biasing resistors at the B terminal of the AD5220. A bypass capacitor places the B terminal at AC ground without affecting the DC level. This configuration has the advantage
society. T h e y have forged something distinct from England, independent of America and Asia, influenced by all o f them but uniquely Australian, and humming with the mysterious energy of the land and the Aboriginal people. T h e y pointed out to me hidden cultural assumptions in my understanding of the Hero's Journey. W h i l e it is universal and timeless, and its workings can be found in every culture on earth, a West ern or American reading of it may carry subde biases. One instance is the Hollywood preference for happy endings and tidy resolutions, the tendency to show admirable, virtuous heroes overcoming evil by individual effort. M y Australian teachers helped me see that such elements might make good stories for the world market but may not reflect the views of all cultures. T h e y made me aware o f what assumptions were being carried by Hollywood-style films, and of what was not being expressed. xix
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