Margit Tepner k0848752 Sustainability aspects of biofuels 1. Introduction The literature review will discuss the sustainability aspects of biofuels. Food production will be the main concern as it is the most debated issue, but other aspects, such as land use change and water consumption will be also considered as they are essential aspects in the biofuels sustainability criteria. The review will discuss the viability of biofuels based on the current technologies. Second-generation biofuels are not yet commercially viable and therefore will not be discussed; although they could significantly improve the sustainability of biofuels when they break through to the industrial scale. 2. The scale of biofuels production 2.1. Drivers of biofuels production Lal (2010) stated that "three inter-connected challenges face humankind in the 21st century": food security, climate change, and energy security. The world...
Harjutusülesanne 1 1.1. Raamatu otsing e - kataloogist ESTER Otsivõimalus Otsiprofiil Raamatute arv TTÜRs Raamatute arv TÜRs Märksõna Biokütused 60 35 Sõna Biofuels 5 10 UDK 502.3/.7 109 279 Luque Rafael, Melero Juan A. (2012). Advances in Biodiesel Production: Processes and Technologies. Oxford: Woodhead Publishing. 1.2. Rahvusvaheline kümnendliigitus UDK a) genoomid - 575 b) spektrofotomeetria - 543 c) orgaaniline süntees - 547 d) komposiitmaterjalid 620-419 1.3. e-ajakirja otsing e- väljaannete otsivahendiga A - to Z 1. ,,Biotechnology for Biofuels '' Andmebaas: EBSCOhost , juurdepääs : 2009 vol2 2. ,,Ethanol & Biofuels News'' Andmebaas: EBSCOhost, juurdepääs: 11/6/2006 ...
Manual For Biofuels Koostas: Margus Mäe Introduction This book told me a lot of practical uses of solid biofuels and peat compustion technologies in estonia and baltic sea countries. The hole technological chain from production to flue gas cleaning is brought to reader ´s. Also the energy policy and reguierment for users is shown. Properties of boifuels and peat In the boiler plants of Baltic Sea countries a wide range of various woodbased fuels are burned. To some extent also straw and other biomass based fuels are used. All these fuels are considered as renewables and according to the international agreement the CO2 emitted by the combustion of these fuels is not listed as a greenhouse gas. Wood, in particular the shell of wood cells, consists mainly from cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose. Due to the high carbon and hydrogen content, the lignin has higher calorific value than cellu...
Green Energy Program paid for and brought to by -Anja Bananja -Franz the Manz - And Just Chadrick Overview- What is Green Energy? Different Types? What is sustainability? German Green Energy Cost and Efficiency Recycling What is Green Energy? -It is energy resources that are renewable -Can be naturally replenished -Clean, Safe and not harmful to the environment (aka mother earth) Types of Green Energy Green Energy going cute Solar Power · Is produced by using photovoltaic cells, which capture sunlight and turns that into energy. Problems ? -The sun has got to shine -The cost of solar panels and the systems range between $20k-40k -The light from the sun produces a very small amount of energy Wind Power -These giant pinwheels spin from strong winds which spins ...
FOREST BIOENERGY Outline Introduction: wood as a fuel Main body: diferent wood made energy products Conclusin: summarising the usage References Introduction • Fossil fuels: dominant source of energy. • Biomass accounts about 10% energy supply • Wood- based fuels from fast- growing species. • Forest biomass: reneweable energy • Forest biomass, mainly used in the Nordic countries. Wood based fuels sources •Energy forest •Forest biomass •Recycled wood Wood Biomass • Biologicalmaterial derived from living, or recently living organisms. • Can be used after converting it to various forms of biofuel. • Woodchips • Pellets Bioenergy • Energy produced from biomass. • Electricity, heat, and transportation fuels. • Eesti Energia and bioenergy. Benefits of Biomass • Environmental Benefits • Economic Benefits • Energy Benefits Biofuels • Solid fuels Pellets, briquettes • Liquid fuels Ethanol Bio-d...
Pipeline transport Contents Who suggested to use pipe first for transporting petroleum? Pipeline construction Products that can be carried by pipeline Pipelines by purpose Pigging Advatages of pipelines Challenges of pipelines Accidents Three longest pipelines in the world Nord Stream pipeline First man who suggested to use pipe for transporting petroleum: Dmitri Mendeleev In 1863 Petroleum Pipeline construction Route (right of way) Selection Surveying the route Clearing the route Trenching - Main Route and Crossings (roads, rail, other pipes, etc.) Installing the pipe Installing valves, intersections, etc. Covering the pipe and trench What can transport through the pipeline? Liquids Gases Solid capsules The most popular and valuable: Oil Natural gas A pipeline carries Biofuels crude oil through the ...
Ülesanne 2 Infootsing raamatukogu andmebaasidest 2.1. Otsing andmebaasist Compendex Engineering Village platvormil 2.1.1.Leia kompleksotsinguga Quick Search artikleid teemal Thermal treatment of physical properties of polyethylene a) otsivälju "All Fields" - leidsin 176 kirjet b) otsivälju "Ei controlled terms"- leidsin 4 kirjet 2.1.2. Leia Tehnikaülikooli teaduri Malle Krunksi artiklid andmebaasis Compendex a) mitu artiklit leidsid? Leidsin 59 artiklit 2.2. Otsing andmebaasist ProQuest Science Journals 2.2.1.Leia Jim Browni artikkel Tools for all jobs. a) Ava artikli täistekst ja leia, millist firmat Jim Brown juhatab - Tech-Clarity Inc b) Kirjelda otsistrateegiat: otsiprofiil: au(Jim Browni) AND (Tools for all jobs) 2.2.2. Ava andmebaasi ProQuest tesaurus: Advanced Search/Thesaurus a) esita kitsamad ja laiemad märksõnad, mida võib kasutada ökosüsteemide (ecosystems) kohta kirjanduse leidmisel. - laiemad (broader) märksõnad: env...
Tartu Ülikool Loodus- ja Tehnoloogiateaduskond Põlemisel tekkinud emissioonide mõju õhu kvaliteedile ja kliimale- alates kivisöest lõpetades biokütustega Kevin Ambus Tartu 2013 Sisukord 1. Sissejuhatus ......................................................................................................................... 3 2. Kütused ning emissioon ...................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Süsi .............................................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Kütteõlid ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 Bensiin .............................................
Renewable energy Meriliin Lend Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu 2013 Topics Renewable energy Solar energy Wind energy Hydroelectric power Geothermal energy Biomass energy Renewable energy Renewable energy comes from sources that naturally renew, or will not run out in our lifetimes. Includes sunlight, wind, water, geothermal heat and various forms of biomass. Renewable energy cannot be exhausted and is constantly renewed. Does not harm the environment. Saves money. Solar energy Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun's energy and make it useable. Every hour the sun beams onto Earth more than enough energy to satisfy global energy needs for an entire year. Solar energy use has surged at about 20 percent a year over the past 15 years, thanks to rapidly falling prices and gains in efficiency. Solar energy is inexhaustible. Noise free. Does not harm the environmen...
http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/06/20010611-2.html *I also call on Congress to work with my administration to achieve the significant emission reductions made possible by implementing the clean energy technologies proposed in our energy plan. Our working group study has made it clear that we need to know a lot more. *The United States has spent $18 billion on climate research since 1990 -- three times as much as any other country, and more than Japan and all 15 nations of the EU combined. http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2004/feb/22/usnews.theobserver *Jeremy Symons, a former whistleblower at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), said that suppression of the report for four months was a further example of the White House trying to bury the threat of climate change. *Senior climatologists, however, believe that their verdicts could prove the catalyst in forcing Bush to accept climate change as a real and happenin...
Riigi energiamajandus ARVUTITUND Riigi energiamajanduse iseloomustamist alusta tutvumisega atlaste kaartidega. Kasuta ka Maailma atlast, Uut maailma atlast, Kooliatlast ja Õppeatlas 3. 1. Suurbritannia traditsioonilised energiavarad Joonis 1. Maagaasi ja nafta paiknemine Põhjameres. Allikas: http://www.acorn-ps.com/web/image/content/map/sns_map.jpg Joonis 2. Kivisöe kaevandused Suurbritannias. Allikas: The Business at a Glance UK Coal Annual Report and Accounts 2008. http://ukcoal.annualreport2008.com/2008_Highlights/The_Business_at_a_Glance/Default.aspx?id=178 Joonis 3. Traditsioonilised maavarad Euroopas. Allikas: Major mineral fuel resources in Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia Maps and Graphics at UNEP/GRID Arendal. http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/major-mineral-fuel-resources-in-europe- caucasus-and-central-asia1 Suurbritannias leidub traditsioonilistest energiavarades...
Veidi teemakohast infot kokku kogutuna Kõrgeimad etanooli saagid on Eestis saadud talitritikale (Lamberto) 3 283-4 756 l/ha ja talinisu (Bjorke) 3 059-4 143 l/ha sortidelt. Kõigi suviviljade etanoolisaagid olid peaaegu poole madalamad taliviljade etanoolisaagist. Etanooli kasutamise idee sisepõlemismootori kütusena on kaunis vana idee. Henry Fordi auto Mudel T oli disainitud etanooli kasutamiseks. Ta valis "ajutise odava lahendina" naftabensiini ja nii algas ka naftaajastu. · Mets moodustab 80 % maailma biomassist. Seetõttu moodustab ta küllaldaselt saadava, inimtoiduga mitte konkureeriva suhteliselt odava tooraine bioetanooli tootmiseks. · Sisaldades keskmiselt 42% tselluloosi ja 21% hemitselluloosi on ühest grammist puidust teoreetiliselt võimalik saada 0,32 grammi etanooli. · Praegu ületab tselluloosistetanoolitootmise tehase maksumus 2,5 4 korda investeeringud tehasesse, mille tooraineks on teravili Ehitata...
How to produce bioenergy from agricultural resources without harming the environment Jürgen Aosaar Jaak-Albert Metsoja Ahto Oja BOVA cource on biogas from biomass March 3-7 2008 Tartu Deciduous tree species on abandoned agricultural land Current situation • The long term development plan of the Estonian energy industry foresees a reduction in the use of fossil fuels and an increase in the share of biofuels: by the year 2010 renewable energy must account for 5.1% of total energy consumption Current situation (2) • In Estonia we have abandoned arable land about 400 000 ha, part of it is overgrowing naturally, and another part has been afforested • For short-rotation forestry in Estonia, ecologically and economically the most suitable tree is probably grey alder, which is a highly productive and soil improving species Grey alder...
ELEKTROENERGEETIKA INSTITUUT Referaat Taastvad Energiaallikad Esitamise tähtaeg 14.04.2009 Õppejõud: Hannes Agabus Tudeng: Sergei Belosapko Nikita Naumov Tallinn 2009 Contents: 1. Renewable energy 1.1. Costs................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Potential future utilization..............................................................................4 1.3. Why Don't We Use More Renewable Energy? ...........................................5 2. Energy Types 2.1. Wind Energy.......................................................................................................6 2.1.1. Annual Generation........................................................................................7 2.1.2. ...
All about High Tech High tech is technology that is at the cutting edge--the most advanced technology currently available. There is no specific class of technology that is high tech--the definition shifts over time--so products hyped as high tech in the 1960s would now be considered, if not exactly low tech, then at least somewhat obsolete. This fuzzy definition has led to marketing departments describing nearly all new products as high tech. Economy Because the high-tech sector of the economy develops or uses the most advanced technology known, it is often seen as having the most potential for future growth. This perception has led to high investment in high-tech sectors of the economy. High-tech startup enterprises receive a large portion of venture capital. However, if, as has happened in the past, investment exceeds actual potential, then investors can lose all or most of their investment. High tech is often viewed as high risk, but...
Biokütused Referaat Tallinn 2010 Sisukord Sisukord...................................................................................................................................... 2 Sissejuhatus.................................................................................................................................3 Biokütuse liigid...........................................................................................................................3 Biokütuse minevik ja olevik....................................................................................................... 3 Tootmine..................................................................................................................................... 4 Plussid......................................................................................................................................... 4 Miinused.....................................
SISUKORD ENERGY STORY................................................................................................................4 USES OF ENERGY............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Uses of energy in homes...............................................................................................5 2.2 Types of energy used in homes.................................................................................... 6 2.3 Energy use in different types of homes........................................................................ 6 2.4 Commercial Energy Use...............................................................................................9 2.5 Industrial and Manufacturing Energy Use..................................................................11 2.6 Transportation Energy Use.................................................
Tallinn 2013 Ott Speek Subject: English Geodesy Study group: GI-21b PETROLEUM PRESENTATION Petroleum (L. petroleum, from Greek: Πέτρα (rock) + Latin: oleum (oil) is a naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth's surface. The name Petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils and petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel, it is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, usually zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and undergo intense heat and pressure. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. This comes after the studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, reservoir characterization (mainly in terms of porosity and perme...
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