How to produce bioenergy from agricultural resources without harming the environment Jürgen Aosaar Jaak-Albert Metsoja Ahto Oja BOVA cource on biogas from biomass March 3-7 2008 Tartu Deciduous tree species on abandoned agricultural land Current situation • The long term development plan of the Estonian energy industry foresees a reduction in the use of fossil fuels and an increase in the share of biofuels: by the year 2010 renewable energy must account for 5.1% of total energy consumption Current situation (2) • In Estonia we have abandoned arable land about 400 000 ha, part of it is overgrowing naturally, and another part has been afforested • For short-rotation forestry in Estonia, ecologically and economically the most suitable tree is probably grey alder, which is a highly productive and soil improving species Grey alder...
Regrowth forest -taastuv mets. Mets, mis ise uuesti üles kasvab peale põlenguid või loodus katastroofide toimel langeb. Rotation period rotatsiooni periood. Periood metsa asutamise ja raie vahel. Salinity - soolsus. Soola konsetratsioon mullas ja vees, mida mõõdetakse mg/l kohta. Seedlings seemik(seemnest kasvatatud taim). Noored puud, mida kasutatakse ettevalmistatud maade taasmetsastamiseks. Silviculture metsakasvatus. Kunst ja teadus mis kontrollib puude kasvu, koostist, tervisehoidu ja kvaliteeti. Soil erosion - pinnase erosiooni. Uhutakse ära mulla pealmine viljakas kiht paduvihmade ja üleujutuste mõjul. Sustainable forestry - säästev metsandus. Weed umbrohi. Taimed, mis kasvavad haritud maal inimese tahte vastaselt.
Efficient initiatives to help protect the environment Just like our bodies, the environment functions best when it's in balance. Unfortunately, we're not quite there. Many of us believe that we lead lives that respect nature but our consumption habits give us away. Many little habits that seem to be sustainable are in fact polluting. Along with pollution, issues like depletion of resources, the rise of consumerism, and the "throw away" culture have led to serious issues. That being said, the fight's not over yet. Fortunately, more people than ever are both aware of and active in the protection of the environment. To protect the environment, waste management and recycling are crucial. When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the need to consume natural resources. If used materials are not recycled, new products are made by extracting fresh, raw material from the Earth, through mining and forestry. R...
EESTI MAAÜLIKOOL Metsandus- ja maaehitusinstituut Metsakasvatuse osakond Metsahäiringud Referaat õppeaines Metsakasvatuse erikursus Juhendaja Hardi Tullus Tartu 2015 Sisukord Sissejuhatus..........................................................................................3 1Metsahäiring.......................................................................................4 2Abiootilised metsahäiringud...............................................................5 2.1Tuli............................................................................................................................5 2.2Tuul...........................................................................................................................6 3Biootilised metsahäiringud.................................................................8 3.1Ulukikahjustused...............
Tallinna Ülikool EUROOPA METSANDUS Referaat Autor: Juhendaja: Sisukord 1. SISSEJUHATUS.................................................................................................................................................3 2. EUROOPA METSANDUSSTRATEEGIA: ÜLDINE RAAMISTIK............................................................5 1. METSADE TÄHTSUS EUROOPA LIIDUS....................................................................................................6 3. METSARESSURSID JA NENDE KASUTAMINE EUROOPAS..................................................................9 4. PÕHJA- JA LÄÄNEMERE MAAD MAJANDAVAD METSI SÄÄSTLIKULT...................................... 12 5. EUROOPA MAADES SUURENEB METSANDE PIDALA........................................................................14 6. ÕIGUSLIK ALUS.......................................................
Investor's Handbook A Legal Guide to Business in Georgia · Start Up · Privatization · Labor Legislation February 2011 1st Edition 1 CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK 1 This brochure is a publication by the Georgian National Investment Agency (GNIA) and was prepared by Georgian law firm Mgaloblishvili, Kipiani, Dzidziguri (MKD). The Brochure is intended to be a general guidance on start up, privatization and labor relations. It is thus not expected to be a substitute for detailed research or exercise of professional judgment on above mentioned topics. Companies and individuals operating in Georgia or planning to operate, are strongly advised to obtain current and detailed information from experienced professionals. None of the organizations mentioned above, nor their members, employees o...
Education Education is so multifaceted that it is difficult for me to know where to begin discussing it, or how to prioritize the many factors. Relaying my own experience is easy: I had a standard classroom approach, supplemented by inordinate reading. In only the briefest and least memorable instances did I receive any individual tutoring. Education is commonly thought of as the job of schools. Adults cry "educate our children!" Everyone has opinions about the best way to do the job. It is of urgent importance, and all the numerous factors are much studied, debated, and new (or old) ideas continually tested or retested. Some people say "it's as simple as . . . " and then name their pet peeve or passion. My view is not of an education specialist, but of one who loves sharing what I learn, and owes much to educators. Since I don't have an educational theory neatly worked-out, nor an outline of my perceptions, my intent is to addr...
ELEKTROENERGEETIKA INSTITUUT Referaat Taastvad Energiaallikad Esitamise tähtaeg 14.04.2009 Õppejõud: Hannes Agabus Tudeng: Sergei Belosapko Nikita Naumov Tallinn 2009 Contents: 1. Renewable energy 1.1. Costs................................................................................................................... 2 1.2. Potential future utilization..............................................................................4 1.3. Why Don't We Use More Renewable Energy? ...........................................5 2. Energy Types 2.1. Wind Energy.......................................................................................................6 2.1.1. Annual Generation........................................................................................7 2.1.2. ...
Copy-paste'tav variant CD-st EESTI METSANDUS 2011, mis on flashi failina saadaval http://www.keskkonnainfo.ee/main/index.php/et/vaeljaanded-ja-uelevaated/vaeljaanded-ja-uelevaated/686? tmpl=component. Sisaldab tähtsamaid tabeleid ja graafikuid (teemades Eesti metsad, Metsatööstus ja puidukaubandus, Erametsandus). EESTI METSANDUS 2011 EESTI METSAD EESSÕNA Eestlastele on läbi aegade olnud omane lähedane suhe metsaga ja pikaajalised head traditsioonid metsanduse arendamisel. Metsad, mille kogupindala on enam kui 2 miljonit hektarit, moodustavad iseloomuliku osa Eesti maastikust, kattes üle poole meie maa territooriumist. Viimase 70 aasta jooksul on metsade puidutagavara suurenenud enam kui 4 korda. Mitmekordselt on suurenenud ka kaitsealuste metsade pindala. See on oluline fakt, millega tuleb arvestada nii metsapoliitika edasisel kujundamisel kui ka metsade kaitse ning majandamise korraldamisel. Käesolev Eesti Metsanduse ülevaade on k...
TRADERUN MOODUL TRADERUN MODULE BUSINESS PECULIARITIES IN THE EU, RUSSIA AND EASTERN PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES ÄRI ERIPÄRAD EUROOPA LIIDUS, VENEMAAL JA IDAPARTNERLUSRIIKIDES Lecturers: Ryhor Nizhnikau (responsible) Giorgi Gaganidze, Sergei Proskura, Andres Assor P2EC.00.202 (UT code), RIE 7044 (TLU code) Reading materials: Business peculiarities in Ukraine and Belarus Lugemismatejal: Äri eripärad Ukrainas ja Valgenenes Created by Andres Assor Tartu 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4 1. UKRAINE ...................................................................................................................
Inimese mõju tugevnemine loodusele Kauges minevikus reguleeris inimeste arvukust maa peal toit selle hankimine ja kättesaadavus. umbes 2 miljonit aastat tagasi kui inimesed toitusid metsikutest taimedest ja jahtisid metsloomi, suutis biosfäär st. loodus ära toita ca 10 miljonit inimest st. vähem, kui tänapäeval elab ühes suurlinnas. Põllumajanduse areng ja kariloomade kasvatamine suutsid tagada toidu juba palju suuremale hulgale inimestest. inimeste arvukuse suurenemisega suurenes ka surve loodusele, mida inimene üha rohkem oma äranägemise järgi ümber kujundas. Kiviaja lõpuks elas Maal ca 50 milj. inimest. 13. sajandiks suurenes rahvaarv 8 korda 400 milj. inimest. Järgneva 600 aasta jooksul, st. 19. sajandiks rahvaarv kahekordistus ning jõudis 800 miljoni inimeseni. Demograafiline plahvatus 19. sajandi alguses toimus inimkonna arengus läbimurre ja inimeste arv Maal suurenes 90 aastaga 2 kor...
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