non-contentious responsible for to decide whether preferred term for a matters usually assuring the law is or not to instigate practising lawyer in concerned with followed and carried (põhjustama, certain jurisdictions estates, deeds, powers- out in every case. kaasa tooma) legal of-attorney, and Judges also read proceedings foreign and through court to appear in court international business. documents and may A notary's main research legal issues. functions are to administer oaths and affirmations, take affidavits and statutory
Customs are not made by governments and they are not written down. Sometimes we can break these rules without any penalty, but if we keep breaking the rules or break an important one, other society members may criticize us or act violently toward us. And some prescriptive laws are made by governments. When governments make laws they use a system of courts backed by the power of the police to enforce these laws. 2. Sources of law (general) Precedent – a decision about a particular legal case that makes it likely that other similar cases will be decided in the same way Solve a dispute – to find a solution to a disagreement; to adjudicate Judiciary – a country’s body of judges Government – system by which a state or community is controlled Judge – a person who is in charge of a trial in a court and makes decisions on legal matters Civil code – a collection of laws designed to deal with different areas of private law
descriptive law (kirjeldav õigus) - laws which simply describe how people or even natural phenomenas usually behave nation (riik) - country with its own goverment citizen (kodanik) - person native of a country; realationship between country and a person stranger (välismaalne) - person who is unfamiliar, from another country penalty (karistus) - punishment fixed by law, as for a crime or from any soical groups goverment (valitsus) - organization which controlls a stre or community System of Courts (kohtusüsteem) - organization applying law in the name of states to commit a crime (kuritegu läbi viima) - breaking a law, usually given out by the goverment fine (trahv) - certain sum of money person pays for breaking a law corruption (korruptsioon) - dishonest or unethincal conduct by a person entrusted with a position of authority
11.02.09 INGLISE KEEL Palju aega läheb. 10 nädalat aint. One of the ESP courses. What we are going to do, what is needed: · What we do - 1 test, on words. · 2 Essays, that means that we have to look into academic writing · Homereading we read a case from European Court of Justice thingy. · Oral thing. · 90% you have to attend · Have to prepare for class and take part of it etc What we learn: Terms Expressions / collocations (nt obey/abide by the law) Explaining AWOL absence without a leave Legal English can be divided into 3 levels. We learn the first one, which is needed for the other two! You have to know the vocabulary etc. Second level has to do with legal contracts..
kohustusi peale panema impose duties on 9. seadust järgima obey law, observe law 10. seaduskuulekad inimesed law-abiding people 11. seadust jõustama enforce law 12. alaealised minors 13. õiguskaitseorganid law enforcement agencies 14. süütegusid uurima investigate offences 15. karistust määrama impose punishment on 16. kuritegu sooritama commit crime 17. seaduse mittetundmine ignorance of law 18. süüd välistav asjaolu defence, preclusion of guilt 19. üldriiklikud seadused national laws 20. kohalikud seadused local laws, by-laws 21. asutuse põhikiri statute 22. ajutine ametist/spordist kõrvaldamine (n,v) suspension, suspend 23. väljaheitmine (n,v) expulsion, expel 24
Essential Vocabulary - I The role of law in society 1. juriidilised kohustused – legal obligations 2. kannatanud pool, kahjukannataja – injured party 3. vaidlusi lahendama (kohtus) – to settle a dispute in a court of law 4. riskeerima tehingute tegemisega – to risk making transactions 5. õigusnõustamist otsima – to seek legal advice 6. tagama, et leping kehtiks – to ensure that the contract would be valid 7. õiguslikke vahendeid kasutama – to use legal means 8. harjuma õiguslikke vahendeid kasutama – to get accustomed to using legal means 9. omama teadmisi millestki – to have knowledge of smth 10. ette kirjutama, ettekirjutus, ettekirjutav – to prescribe,
institutsioon/asutus 83. initially established esmakordselt sisseseatud 84. to supervise teostada järelvalvet 85. law-abiding seaduskuulekus 86. state officials riigiametnikud 87. parliamentary ombudsman parlamentaarne "õigusvahemees" 88. right to impose specific administrative penalties on... õigus kehtestada spetsiaalseid halduskaristusi 89. employees of state agencies riigiasutuste personal 90. the conducted proceedings juhitud menetlused 91. the administrative court proceedings halduskohtumenetlus 92. an infringement of law seadusrikkumine 93. right to make proposals and give recommendations, fulfilment of which is not compulsory õigus teha ettepanekuid ja anda soovitusi mittekohustuslikuks täitmiseks ??? 94. to improve the situation olukorra parandamiseks 95. the function of reconciliation or negotiation leptamise ja läbirääkimiste funktsioon 96. questions arising between... küsimused, mis tekivad ... vahel 97
existing, then. Why is international community against stateless persons? Travelling is difficult, getting visas in grey passports; stateless person doesn't have the consulate protection abroad; stateless persons don't have political rights (they have all other rights), that means to elect and to be elected on the parliamentary level and cannot get positions on the state service. Harder to trace criminal. Why is international community against dual-citizenship? People have additional obligations (military obligation, paying taxes) and additional rights. For states it's difficult to trace criminals etc. A defined territory Government Capacity to enter into relations with other states (def from the convention) if states can enter into relations with other states ,it means that the state is recognized by other surrounding
My friend had attempted a couple of standard sales tricks to get them moving. She tried call- ing attention to them by shifting their location to a more central display area; no luck. She even told her sales staff to "push" the items hard-again without success. Finally, the night before leaving on an out-of-town buying trip, she scribbled an exasperated note to her head saleswoman, "Everything in this display case, price x '/2 ," hoping just to be rid of the offending pieces, even if at a loss. When she re- turned a few days later, she was not surprised to find that every article had been sold. She was shocked, though, to discover that, because the employee had read the '''/2'' in her scrawled message as a "2," the entire allotment had sold at twice the original price! That's when she called me. I thought I knew what had happened but told her
winning a battle or making possible a diplomatic coup or whatever happened if, as was usual, other factors played a role. Narratives which make it appear as if every event in history turned upon the subject under discussion are not history but journalism. They are especially prevalent in spy stories, and cryptology is not immune. The only other book-length attempt to survey the history of cryptology, the late Fletcher Pratt's Secret and Urgent, published in 1939, suffers from a severe case of this special pleading. Pratt writes thrillingly—perhaps for that very reason—but his failure to consider the other factors, together with his errors and omissions, his false generalizations based on no evidence, and his unfortunate predilection for inventing facts vitiate his work as any kind of a history. (Finding this out was disillusioning, for it was this book, borrowed from the Great Neck Library, that interested me in cryptology.) I think that although trying
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