everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. Individualism- kollektivism 2 Individualism prevails in developed and Western countries, while Collectivism prevails in less developed and Eastern countries; Japan takes a middle position on this dimension. Maskuliinsus- feminiinsus The extent of emphasis on work goals (earnings, advancement and assertiveness, as opposed to interpersonal goals (friendly atmosphere, getting along with the boss) and nurturance. The first set of values is thought to be associated with males, while the second more with fem Maskuliinsus- feminiinsus 2 Masculinity is high in Japan, in some
between individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herself and his/her immediate family. On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continue protecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty. Individualism prevails in developed and Western countries, while Collectivism prevails in less developed and Eastern countries; Japan takes a middle position on this dimension. 47 Maskuliinsus- feminiinsus The extent of emphasis on work goals (earnings, advancement and assertiveness, as opposed to interpersonal goals (friendly atmosphere, getting along with the boss) and nurturance. The first set of values is thought to be associated with males, while the second more with females.
understood. Cultural norms are behavior patterns typical to specific groups that are passed on by observational learning (e.g. marriage, alcohol consumption, spanking children). Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behavior. Dimensions are perspectives of a culture, based on values and cultural norms. Many psychologists argue that there is a crucial difference between cultures emphasizing individualism (independence, goals, competition, uniqueness, privacy) and those emphasizing collectivism (relatedness, belonging, duty, harmony, advice, group work). Hofstede was the first who proposed theoretical account of individualism and collectivism. He collected his evidence by surveying IBM's multi-national workers from 40 different countries. One of his key findings was that individualism correlates to the wealth of the country (people in these countries don't have such a need to depend on each other). There has been increasing criticism and research on individualism-collectivism
SOPH.00.309 Cross-Cultural Psychology |6 kontseptsiooni seletusjõudu. Sealjuures tuleb ka märkida, et kultuurisisesed erinevused võivad olla suuremad kui kultuuridevahelised erinevused – kultuurid ei ole homogeenne mass. Sugu ja kultuur Me võiks väita, et mehed on Aasiast ja naised Ameerikast, sest neljast erinevast sõltumatu/kuuluva mina mõõtmest – collectivism, agency, assertiveness, relatedness – said naised suurema skoori ainult relatedness’is. Läänekultuurid said suuremd skoorid mõõtmetes agency ja assertiveness, idakultuurid collectivism’is ja relatedness’is. Uuringust, mis kasutas Sex Role Ideology (SRI) skaalat 14. riigis uurides kuidas mehed ja naised peaksid käituma, ilmnes mitu märkimisväärset tähelepanekut: 1. Sugude võrdust nähakse erinevates riikides rabavalt erinevalt. 2
nt kui abistajaid on läheduses palju, on väiksem tõenäosus, et inimene abistab. A. Batson. 4 põhimotiivi 4 põhimotiivi: Egoism (self-benefit): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of the actor e.g., gaining rewards, avoiding punishment Altruism (benefiting other individual): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of other people no implication for reciprocation Collectivism (benefiting a group): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of a social group e.g., family, ethnic group, community (may lead harm to an outgroup) Principalism (upholding a moral principle): Prosocial acts follow from a moral principle e.g., "greatest good for the greatest number" linked with moral reasoning (Underwood & Moore, 1982) Sotsiaalne mõju
Abistamise motiivid · Normi järgimine · Positiivne enesehinnang · Emotsionaalne erutus · Tunnustuse otsimine · Kasu · Ühtekuuluvus A. Batson (1994) 4 põhimotiivi: Egoism (self-benefit): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of the actor e.g., gaining rewards, avoiding punishment Altruism (benefiting other individual): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of other people no implication for reciprocation Collectivism (benefiting a group): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of a social group e.g., family, ethnic group, community (may lead harm to an outgroup) Principalism (upholding a moral principle): Prosocial acts follow from a moral principle e.g., "greatest good for the greatest number" linked with moral reasoning (Underwood & Moore, 1982) Prosotsiaalsuse kujundamine · Keda millal abistatakse. Vastutuse hajumine suures rühmas
Abistatakse ka lähtuvalt sugulussuhtest A. Batson (1994) 4 põhimotiivi: Egoism (self-benefit): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of the actor e.g., gaining rewards, avoiding punishment Altruism (benefiting other individual): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of other people no implication for reciprocation Collectivism (benefiting a group): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of a social group e.g., family, ethnic group, community (may lead harm to an outgroup) Principalism (upholding a moral principle): Prosocial acts follow from a moral principle e.g., "greatest good for the greatest number" linked with moral reasoning (Underwood & Moore, 1982)
• Tunnustuse otsimine • Kasu • Ühtekuuluvus A. Batson (1994) – 4 põhimotiivi: Egoism (self-benefit): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of the actor – e.g., gaining rewards, avoiding punishment Altruism (benefiting other individual): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of other people – no implication for reciprocation Collectivism (benefiting a group): Prosocial acts contribute to the welfare of a social group – e.g., family, ethnic group, community (may lead harm to an outgroup) Principalism (upholding a moral principle): Prosocial acts follow from a moral principle – e.g., “greatest good for the greatest number” – linked with moral reasoning (Underwood & Moore, 1982)
Tortilla Flat. Career into 4 periods: early writings, influence by naturalism and he was interested in animal motivation behind human behaviour as a basis of human behaviour. Cub of gold. Rarely weak period. The second period: second half of 1930's, becomes much more socially minded, analyzez the conflict between capital and labour. By far the most famous book is ,,The Grapes of Wrath". It is a proletarian novel- working class novel. The main ideas of this period are solidarity and collectivism. Another short piece is ,,Of mice and men". The third period shows that unemployment is unavoidable and war is natural to human natural. The last period started in the second half of the 1950's. New direction, influenced by all influences of social revolution and so on, returnts to social problems, was conserned with corruption and society. Perhaps the most famous piece is ,,The winter of our discontent". The novel that helped him receive the nobel prize for literature. He
ogy, 39, 393-398. van der Berg, H., Manstead, A S. R., van der Pligt, J, 8z Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2006). The impact of affective and cognitive focus on attitude formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 373-379. Van Overwalle, E, 8z Heylighen, E (2006). Talking nets: A multiagent connectionist ap- proach to communication and trust between individuals. Psychological Review, 113, 606-627. Vandello, J. A, 8z Cohen D. (1999). Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 279-292. Walker, M. G. (1967). Organizational type, rites of incorporation, and group solidarity: A study offraternity hell week. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle. Ward, A, 8z Brenner, L. (2006). Accentuate the negative. The positive effects of negative acknowledgment. Psychological Science, 17, 959-965. Warnick, D. H., 8z Sanders, G. S. (1980)
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