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To what extent does the media influence foreign policy? (0)

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TALLINN UNIVERSITY School of Governance, Law and Society To what extent does the media influence foreign policy? Essay In Great Powers Foreign Policies and Relations TALLINN 2019


Media as a mass communication of today is playing a central role in creating and shaping public opinion and perceptions and also affecting society. Media is growing every day and influencing even more as the days go by. The word media is derived from the word medium. Singly the different media channels such as radio, TV, books, newspapers, magazines and mobile devices are called mediums, but as one, they are considered as media. (Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary, 2017) The media’s role in society depends on how society chooses to use media. In today’s world, the media has become a crucial thing for society, hence it has the power to mobilize a mass movement. Media has different roles to fill in society. The main role is communication, entertainment, and socialization, but it also has a role to create awareness and be a watchdog that will put the government in check. (Warren Francke, 1995) It is the fourth pillar of power in democracy along with the executive, legislative and judicial government. As media has become more accessible worldwide, it has become a platform where governments and nonstate actors can share their foreign policy priorities in an effort to receive feedback, engage in diplomacy, inform people, and try to affect foreign policy outcomes. In this essay, I am analyzing what effect to what extent does the media has on foreign policy and bringing examples to prove my statements. Starting from history, then during the 1980s the new technologies were outstandingly improving and it gave the news media chance to provide a constant flow of global real-time news. At this time Ted Turner produced CNN, the first global news network, which gave the opportunity to broadcast the news around the world. (Eytan Gilboa, 2005) Back in the 1990s, there were a series of world-shaping events and concurrently CNN became a global actor in international relations, which for example gave a live picture from Asia when the Iraq War broke out. The CNN effect is a term that was coined to explain the effect that the real-time news channel had on foreign policymaking. One CNN effect is how the real-time media affects decision-makers to make their decisions immediately. For example, if something happens in a state and the news broadcasts live footage of it all over the world, then decision makers feel the pressure to find the solution faster. I think this is one of the most important consequences. There are several other effects- for example when there is a war in some state, and news channels spread the information all over the world, then their opposites can change their tactics and methods, send signals through media and other countries might want to give donations. (Public Diplomacy and Global Communication, 2014) It can also give a negative


impact in anxious times, it can make the diplomatic relationships between states more complex. The CNN effect ensures that news, as they happen, is seen by everybody, leaving the politicians time to analyze the implications of what everybody is seeing. I think that the CNN effect has an exceptional impact on foreign policy, with its international aspect. In everyday life, media as a whole might not influence foreign policymakers directly, but I think it happens through public opinions. It happens when media is shaping and affecting public opinions- what people believe and know about the policy. It takes place when people delegate their power to decision-makers through elections. Media has the part of the process to influence people for who to give their vote, and then the elected officials have the power to formulate foreign politics. Also, electors have their preferences about foreign policy and media can have an impact on their preference shaping, for example, people can listen to their campaign statements, read their party's platforms or make their decision of candidates' past behavior. (Michael Tomz, 2017) Mass communication can create a public opinion of politicians and their views in a negative or positive prospect. I as a citizen have a liability to go and vote in elections every year, I can say that I am really affected by the media and how they show different candidates. I as an elector feel the pressure to make the right decision and give my power to the right persons, who can formulate foreign policy to keep good state-related relationships. Decisions that policymakers do depend on their views and values, why it is important to select the right person with the appropriate conception. A good example of media impact on policy is from England when The British government decided to join the European common market in 1961 but failed to do so due to a lack of public support. Political parties and interest groups gradually steered British public opinion in favour of joining the common market by 1967. The British Government eventually joined the common market in 1967 with supportive public opinion. It was the result of British political parties and interest groups organizing different views of the people into a cohesive and strong public opinion. (C. Aneek, 2010) Media impact can minimize the risk that elected officials would want to act against the public’s wishes and they can feel the pressure to respond to public opinions. It certainly depends on the politician, but it is easier to be a popular politician and get public support for making decisions. Right now in Estonia, we have a situation, when people were mostly


voting for a radical party because of protests against the old government. Through the media, citizens can have information about their ideas, interviews, and values. In my opinion, the new government has an idea of making Estonia a separate state, which does not need any international unions and their foreign policy idea is too radical for me. In conclusion, I think many people voted for them because of disappointment not because they value their ideas and now we have the government, who can make radical decisions about foreign policy. The media impact is that also I have created my opinion of elections through mass communication, and if they would not give so many thoughtless interviews, where they criticize minorities and international unions, then maybe my opinion would be different. Right now my opinion is completely media-related and it proves the media's impact and power to me. I also believe that media affects officials to make their decision-making progress faster, especially through public pressure. Media manipulation is a big part of this. One good example is from China, the largest online community in the world. There was a situation, that complicated China and Sweden's relationship in a remarkable way. It happened when a family of Chinese was removed from a Stockholm hotel and it caused an online storm in China as it was the most talked about topic in the country. According to one authority on the Chinese social media platform Weibo, two hashtags, loosely translated to “Chinese Tourists Abused by Swedish Police” and “Swedish TV Show Insults China”, received more than 220 million views, making it one of the most read issues on the platform for the year. The Chinese government reacted instantly because of social media furore and accused Swedish police of brutality and violenting the basic human rights. The timing of the statement made clear that this was a response due to pressure from social media, far more than concerns for the safety of the family involved. (T. Olsen-Boyd, 2019) It is a good example of where media and public opinion is forcing the government to act in a certain way and to respond to public opinion. Media influences can have also negative consequences. For example, when the media brazenly misinformed the public, it causes false hysteria and is a danger to peace and stability in the world. For example, Russian media has shown Europe many times as a weak system, what is falling down and constructs negative narratives. It creates a situation where false


information spreads around the world and it causes a bad reputation in Europe. People who live in Europe do not receive this kind of information in their national media and it can cause false panic and disbelief in European systems. Besides misinformation, there is also a problem with fake news that conquer the world. Fake news is a process that involves making content, and passing it off as real news to get as much attention as possible. Fake news can affect international relations, one example is from 2017 when Qatar’s state news agency claimed that its Twitter account had been compromised, and hackers had published fake comments made by the emir criticizing aspects of US and Arab Gulf foreign policy towards Iran. Although the news agency was fast to label the comments as fake, this did not stop neighboring countries Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Egypt from cancelling diplomatic relations with the country. (K. Napley, 2017) Fake news can have a damaging impact on international relations and as the media is getting bigger day by day, our society has to be more careful to avoid fake news distribution. This essay is focused on more developed countries, but the media does not have so much influence on foreign policy in developing countries. In developed countries, the press is usually privately owned and its influence is more comprehensive than in developing countries. The reason is that in developing countries most of the media are in the hands of the government and even if it is privately owned, then the government still manipulates and affects its outcomes. In countries where media is controlled by the government, the media does not have the power to shape public opinions, spread information, or write personal opinion articles, because public opinion has to be the same as the government’s opinion. The media in developing countries spreads only information about things they think people are allowed to know- for example when a journalist wants to write a story based on his opinion of government systems, then he cannot do it, because it could create a public opinion that is not allowed. The difference is also in democratic and authoritarian regimes, where media channels are also typically controlled tightly by the state. For example media in North Korea and in Estonia do not have the same power to influence and they do not mean the same things. Mostly in democratic countries, we have free journalism and media, which means it is not controlled by the government and then the media has more power to influence different policies. I believe that this is important that journalism and media are independent, but on the other hand, it is hard to define fake and false information, which can cause unnecessary


misunderstandings internationally. A good example of democratic media is from India, where media helps in fighting against corruption, nepotism, and cronyism of institutional machinery and carrying out relentless campaigns against them, and without media, the news of government projects and profits would never reach the target audience. In conclusion, the media has a considerable influence on foreign policy, especially in developed countries, where the press is free to spread all types of information. As the fourth pillar of democracy along with the judiciary, executive and legislature, the media of today has an all-embracing role to act against the injustice, cruelty, crimes, and intolerance of our society. In developed countries media influences foreign policy the most when people select their decision-makers through elections, decision-makers' response time, public opinions and public pressure, misinformation and fake news. As the media develops every day, then I think in the future it could be a problem because even now all the media channels are mostly accessible in developed countries, but it can even go wider and bigger. The most problematic influences are false and fake news, which can cause misunderstandings and false hysteria internationally. Although I believe in free media and that means also no limits or filters to news and society has to learn to cope with them in a better way. For example, countries should not take seriously news, when the participants have not confirmed the information first. I am sure that the world learns to control those media influences in a better way because this is our new reality, which has become an inseparable part of our society.


REFERENCES Aneek, C. (2010). International Relations Today: Concepts and Applications. Retrived from: https://books.google.ee/books?id=5pJMUHz2gJMC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89&dq=media+publi c+wishes+and+foreign+policy&source=bl&ots=SvczDteuMa&sig=ACfU3U0bkteDNeXvD U4Z5JQrFkZ0gxt6iA&hl=et&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiahOaTmv_hAhWKw6YKHVEQCE8Q 6AEwAXoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=media%20public%20wishes%20and%20foreign%20p olicy&f=false [Accessed 26 Apr. 2019] Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary. (2017). Retrived from: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/media [Accessed 15 Apr. 2019] Gilboa, E. (2005). The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication. Theory of International Relations [Accessed 15 Apr. 2019] Tomz, M; Weeks, J; Yarhi-Milo, K. (2017). How does public opinion affect foreign policy in democracies? Retrived from: https://web.stanford.edu/~tomz/working/TWY-PublicOpinion-2017-08-25d.pdf [Accessed 17 Apr. 2019] Napley, K. (2017). Criminal Law blog:The Impact of Fake News: Society. Retrived from: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=195d8418-6150-4bd8-90ad-adab34dea0ff [Accessed 26 Apr. 2019]. Olsen-Boyd, T. (2019). Stockholm Syndrome: social media can shape China’s foreign policy. Retrived from: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/stockholm-syndrome-social-media-can-shape-c hina-s-foreign-policy


[Accessed 25 Apr. 2019]. Public Diplomacy and Global Communication. (2014). CNN Effect and Foreign Policy. Retrived from:https://pdgc2014d.wordpress.com/2015/05/13/cnn-effect-and-foreign-policy/ [Accessed 30 Apr. 2019]. Francke, W. (1995). The Evolving Watchdog: The Media's Role in Government Ethics. (Available online).
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