Final essay
TALLINN UNIVERSITY
School of Governance, Law and Society
To what extent does the media influence foreign policy?
Essay
In Great Powers Foreign Policies and Relations
TALLINN 2019
Media as a mass communication of today is playing a central role in creating and shaping
public opinion and perceptions and also affecting society. Media is growing every day and
influencing even more as the days go by. The word media is derived from the word medium.
Singly the different media channels such as radio, TV, books, newspapers, magazines and
mobile devices are called mediums, but as one, they are considered as media. (Cambridge
Academic Content Dictionary, 2017) The media’s role in society depends on how society
chooses to use media. In today’s world, the media has become a crucial thing for society,
hence it has the power to mobilize a mass movement. Media has different roles to fill in
society. The main role is communication, entertainment, and socialization, but it also has a
role to create awareness and be a watchdog that will put the government in check. (Warren
Francke, 1995) It is the fourth pillar of power in democracy along with the executive,
legislative and judicial government. As media has become more accessible worldwide, it has
become a platform where governments and nonstate actors can share their foreign policy
priorities in an effort to receive feedback, engage in diplomacy, inform people, and try to
affect foreign policy outcomes. In this essay, I am analyzing what effect to what extent does
the media has on foreign policy and bringing examples to prove my statements.
Starting from history, then during the 1980s the new technologies were outstandingly
improving and it gave the news media chance to provide a constant flow of global real-time
news. At this time Ted Turner produced CNN, the first global news network, which gave the
opportunity to broadcast the news around the world. (Eytan Gilboa, 2005) Back in the 1990s,
there were a series of world-shaping events and concurrently CNN became a global actor in
international relations, which for example gave a live picture from Asia when the Iraq War
broke out. The CNN effect is a term that was coined to explain the effect that the real-time
news channel had on foreign policymaking. One CNN effect is how the real-time media
affects decision-makers to make their decisions immediately. For example, if something
happens in a state and the news broadcasts live footage of it all over the world, then decision
makers feel the pressure to find the solution faster. I think this is one of the most important
consequences. There are several other effects- for example when there is a war in some state,
and news channels spread the information all over the world, then their opposites can change
their tactics and methods, send signals through media and other countries might want to give
donations. (Public Diplomacy and Global Communication, 2014) It can also give a negative
impact in anxious times, it can make the diplomatic relationships between states more
complex. The CNN effect ensures that news, as they happen, is seen by everybody, leaving
the politicians time to analyze the implications of what everybody is seeing. I think that the
CNN effect has an exceptional impact on foreign policy, with its international aspect.
In everyday life, media as a whole might not influence foreign policymakers directly, but I
think it happens through public opinions. It happens when media is shaping and affecting
public opinions- what people believe and know about the policy. It takes place when people
delegate their power to decision-makers through elections. Media has the part of the process
to influence people for who to give their vote, and then the elected officials have the power to
formulate foreign politics. Also, electors have their preferences about foreign policy and
media can have an impact on their preference shaping, for example, people can listen to their
campaign statements, read their party's platforms or make their decision of candidates' past
behavior. (Michael Tomz, 2017) Mass communication can create a public opinion of
politicians and their views in a negative or positive prospect. I as a citizen have a liability to
go and vote in elections every year, I can say that I am really affected by the media and how
they show different candidates. I as an elector feel the pressure to make the right decision and
give my power to the right persons, who can formulate foreign policy to keep good
state-related relationships. Decisions that policymakers do depend on their views and values,
why it is important to select the right person with the appropriate conception. A good
example of media impact on policy is from England when The British government decided to
join the European common market in 1961 but failed to do so due to a lack of public support.
Political parties and interest groups gradually steered British public opinion in favour of
joining the common market by 1967. The British Government eventually joined the common
market in 1967 with supportive public opinion. It was the result of British political parties
and interest groups organizing different views of the people into a cohesive and strong public
opinion. (C. Aneek, 2010)
Media impact can minimize the risk that elected officials would want to act against the
public’s wishes and they can feel the pressure to respond to public opinions. It certainly
depends on the politician, but it is easier to be a popular politician and get public support for
making decisions. Right now in Estonia, we have a situation, when people were mostly
voting for a radical party because of protests against the old government. Through the media,
citizens can have information about their ideas, interviews, and values. In my opinion, the
new government has an idea of making Estonia a separate state, which does not need any
international unions and their foreign policy idea is too radical for me. In conclusion, I think
many people voted for them because of disappointment not because they value their ideas and
now we have the government, who can make radical decisions about foreign policy. The
media impact is that also I have created my opinion of elections through mass
communication, and if they would not give so many thoughtless interviews, where they
criticize minorities and international unions, then maybe my opinion would be different.
Right now my opinion is completely media-related and it proves the media's impact and
power to me.
I also believe that media affects officials to make their decision-making progress faster,
especially through public pressure. Media manipulation is a big part of this. One good
example is from China, the largest online community in the world. There was a situation, that
complicated China and Sweden's relationship in a remarkable way. It happened when a
family of Chinese was removed from a Stockholm hotel and it caused an online storm in
China as it was the most talked about topic in the country. According to one authority on the
Chinese social media platform Weibo, two hashtags, loosely translated to “Chinese Tourists
Abused by Swedish Police” and “Swedish TV Show Insults China”, received more than 220
million views, making it one of the most read issues on the platform for the year. The Chinese
government reacted instantly because of social media furore and accused Swedish police of
brutality and violenting the basic human rights. The timing of the statement made clear that
this was a response due to pressure from social media, far more than concerns for the safety
of the family involved. (T. Olsen-Boyd, 2019) It is a good example of where media and
public opinion is forcing the government to act in a certain way and to respond to public
opinion.
Media influences can have also negative consequences. For example, when the media
brazenly misinformed the public, it causes false hysteria and is a danger to peace and stability
in the world. For example, Russian media has shown Europe many times as a weak system,
what is falling down and constructs negative narratives. It creates a situation where false
information spreads around the world and it causes a bad reputation in Europe. People who
live in Europe do not receive this kind of information in their national media and it can cause
false panic and disbelief in European systems. Besides misinformation, there is also a
problem with fake news that conquer the world. Fake news is a process that involves making
content, and passing it off as real news to get as much attention as possible. Fake news can
affect international relations, one example is from 2017 when Qatar’s state news agency
claimed that its Twitter account had been compromised, and hackers had published fake
comments made by the emir criticizing aspects of US and Arab Gulf foreign policy towards
Iran. Although the news agency was fast to label the comments as fake, this did not stop
neighboring countries Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Egypt from
cancelling diplomatic relations with the country. (K. Napley, 2017) Fake news can have a
damaging impact on international relations and as the media is getting bigger day by day, our
society has to be more careful to avoid fake news distribution.
This essay is focused on more developed countries, but the media does not have so much
influence on foreign policy in developing countries. In developed countries, the press is
usually privately owned and its influence is more comprehensive than in developing
countries. The reason is that in developing countries most of the media are in the hands of the
government and even if it is privately owned, then the government still manipulates and
affects its outcomes. In countries where media is controlled by the government, the media
does not have the power to shape public opinions, spread information, or write personal
opinion articles, because public opinion has to be the same as the government’s opinion. The
media in developing countries spreads only information about things they think people are
allowed to know- for example when a journalist wants to write a story based on his opinion
of government systems, then he cannot do it, because it could create a public opinion that is
not allowed. The difference is also in democratic and authoritarian regimes, where media
channels are also typically controlled tightly by the state. For example media in North Korea
and in Estonia do not have the same power to influence and they do not mean the same
things. Mostly in democratic countries, we have free journalism and media, which means it is
not controlled by the government and then the media has more power to influence different
policies. I believe that this is important that journalism and media are independent, but on the
other hand, it is hard to define fake and false information, which can cause unnecessary
misunderstandings internationally. A good example of democratic media is from India, where
media helps in fighting against corruption, nepotism, and cronyism of institutional machinery
and carrying out relentless campaigns against them, and without media, the news of
government projects and profits would never reach the target audience.
In conclusion, the media has a considerable influence on foreign policy, especially in
developed countries, where the press is free to spread all types of information. As the fourth
pillar of democracy along with the judiciary, executive and legislature, the media of today has
an all-embracing role to act against the injustice, cruelty, crimes, and intolerance of our
society. In developed countries media influences foreign policy the most when people select
their decision-makers through elections, decision-makers' response time, public opinions and
public pressure, misinformation and fake news. As the media develops every day, then I think
in the future it could be a problem because even now all the media channels are mostly
accessible in developed countries, but it can even go wider and bigger. The most problematic
influences are false and fake news, which can cause misunderstandings and false hysteria
internationally. Although I believe in free media and that means also no limits or filters to
news and society has to learn to cope with them in a better way. For example, countries
should not take seriously news, when the participants have not confirmed the information
first. I am sure that the world learns to control those media influences in a better way because
this is our new reality, which has become an inseparable part of our society.
REFERENCES
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