Minimalismi tunnused *tonaalne, heaklaline helikeel *algmaterjali nappus, leidlikkus *lhikesed ja lihtsad muusikalised kujundid *muusikalis-dramaturgilise arenduse puudumine *he kujundi vi fraasi pidev kordamine *meditatiivsus, nimetatud seisundimuusikaks Steve Reich 1936 Minimalism on popmuusika intellektuaalidele Minimalismi teerajajaid Knekompositsioon Its Gonna Rain 1965 metafoor kardetavale tuuakatastroofile salvestas katkendi preestri jutlusest veeuputusest Faasinihketehnika (phasing) omavahelisest faasist vlja libisevad makilinditsklid nimetas kontrollitud kaoseks City Life 1995 Steve Reich Ensemble hendatud elektroonilised pillid/aparaadid, naturaalsed pillid, olmemra V osa Heav smoke originaalsalvestised World Trade Centeri pommiplahvatusest (1993) tekkinud tulekahjukaosest Philip Glass 1937 Minimalismi teerajajad Koyaanisqatsi (elu, mis on tasakaalust vljas) Philip Glass Ensemble hopi-indiaanlaste keeles
keeruka rütmikaga (sageli polürütmilised), välditakse dramatismi ja eesmärgile suunatud arengut. Minimalismi sünniga seostuvad ka ameeriklased Terry Riley ja Philip Glass. Reichi esimesed teosed "It's Gonna Rain" (1965) ja "Come Out" (1966) on lindikompositsioonid, kus ta kasutas nn luupimistehnikat (looping; loop ingl k silmus, aas). Sealt jõudis ta faasinihketehnikani (phasing) "Piano Phase" kahele klaverile (1967), "Violin Phase" viiulile ja lindile või 4 viiulile (1967), "Drumming" 2 naishäälele ja löökp (1971). 1980ndail hakkas Reichi helikeel muutuma, kaugenema klassikalisest minimalismist teoste temaatiline materjal on suurem, harmoonia keerukam, vorm ja arenguloogika traditsioonilisem. "Tehillim" 4 naishäälele ja instr.ans, (1981; heebreakeelsetele psalmitekstidele), "Different Trains" klp.kvartetile ja lindile (1988), "City Life"
However there is evidence of large scale construction both before and afterwards on and around the monument that perhaps extends the landscape's time frame to 6500 years. Dating and understanding the various phases of activity at Stonehenge is not a simple task; it is complicated by poorly kept early excavation records, surprisingly few accurate scientific dates and the disturbance of the natural chalk by periglacial effects and animal burrowing. The modern phasing most generally agreed by archaeologists is detailed below. Features mentioned in the text are numbered and shown on the plan, right, which illustrates the site as of 2004. The plan omits the trilithon lintels for clarity. Holes that no longer, or never, contained stones are shown as open circles and stones visible today are shown coloured. Function and construction Stonehenge was produced by a culture with no written language, and at great historical remove from the first cultures
producing annual updates on our position and progress via The Body Shop website. If the weight of scientific evidence deems a chemical to be of immediate concern, we will ban its use in new products. Apart from those substances already banned by EU or UK authorities for use in cosmetics, The Body Shop has already banned a number of substances from use in our products and packaging, for example, PVC, Alkylphenols and organic tin compounds. Phasing out chemicals of concern In 2003, The Body Shop responded to concerns over phthalates and artificial musks in products by announcing a phase-out strategy. While these chemicals are added only to a fraction of our products, we want to ensure that we act responsibily and with a focus on the precautionary principle Our phase-out strategy dictates that phthalates and artificial musks are excluded from all new products, thus ensuring that the number of products containing these
104. kompromissi leidma - find a compromise 105. kokkuvõtet tegema - sum up 106. tärkavad tööstusharud - emerging industries 107. jätkusuutlik/ säästev areng - sustainable development 108. bioloogiline mitmekesisus - biological diversity 109. kalade tellingud - fish stocks 110. müra ja üldise tüütuse vähendamine - noise and general nuisance abatement 111. jääkide reguleerimine - waste regulation 112. karm kiirguse standard - stringent emission standard 113. käibelt kaotama - phasing out 114. osoonikihti vähendama - deplete the ozone layer 115. vähendama ebavõrdsust - reduce inequality 116. füüsiline uuendamine - physical renewal 117. laialdane vaatlus - comprehensive review 118. vaba, mahajäetud ja saastatud maa - vacant, derelict and contaminated land 119. tasakaaluhind - clearing price 120. laiaulatuslik väljaehitamine - large-scale building 121. alternatiivkulu/loobumiskulu - opportunity cost 122. taastuvenergia allikad - renewable energy sources 123
Manufacturing processes must be flexible to respond to market changes, and must accommodate mass customization. Orders are processes on a just-in-time (JIT) basis in minimum lot sizes. Also, changes in the manufacturing flow process lead to shorter cycle times, meaning improved responsiveness and efficiency of demand to customers. Activities related to planning, scheduling and supporting manufacturing operations, such as work-in-process storage, handling, transportation, and time phasing of components, inventory at manufacturing sites and maximum flexibility in the coordination of geographic and final assemblies postponement of physical distribution operations. 16 5. Physical Distribution: This concerns movement of a finished product/service to customers. In physical distribution, the customer is the final destination of a marketing
and to ensure that the cranes could reach all areas of work as required by the schedule. Because of the complexity of the project, 4D models proved very helpful in convincing various authorities that the general contractor had an accurate schedule. Since the County owned the parking garage on which the concert hall was constructed, the County needed to approve the steel erection plan. Although Mortenson had generated a detailed plan, the County was not clear on the phasing of the cranes. After several weeks of meetings with the County that did not yield the desired approval of the erection plan, Mortenson showed the 4D model of the erection sequence to the County officials. In 15 minutes the officials were able to understand more about the erection plan than they had been able to grasp in many afternoons of working through the binders (Fischer & Kunz, 2004). 1.10. Industry Response
The 1849 Delaware Aqueduct was designed to carry a wooden trunk of water on the Delaware & Hudson Canal. The latter was carefully rehabilitated by the US National Park Service and is the oldest surviving suspension bridge in the USA (Figure 19). Steel bridges Structural steel is stronger and more supple than cast or wrought iron, and allowed greater design flexibility. The last thirty years of the 19th century witnessed the phasing in of steel plates and rolled shapes, leading to the enormous production of steel trusses and plate-girder spans of ever-increasing lengths throughout the world. Steel arches and cantilevers were favoured for long spans because they better withstood the impact, vibration, and concentrated loads of heavy rail traffic. The earliest known use of steel in bridge construction was the 334ft (102m) suspension span across the Danube Canal (1828) near Vienna (Austria), designed by Ignaz von Mitis
financing that was crucial in helping Ukraine through the Great Recession. In particular, it helped to prevent a banking crisis. In many respects, however, Ukraine reneged on its commitments, and the program went off-track very soon, as a 2011 IMF evaluation concludes. This holds for fiscal, exchange rate, and monetary policies, but in particular for the energy sector. In 2008, Ukraine committed itself to phasing out all gas subsidies in three years, but little was done on that front. For some specific industries, gas prices were actually decreased in 2009. Ukrainian households still pay traditionally extremely little for the gas their everyday life depends on. At end of the year, gas prices for households accounted for about one-fifth and those for utilities for one-third of import prices. Officially the low gas prices are justified
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 to 850 rpm Idle mixture CO content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 to 1.5% Fast idle speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2600 to 2800 rpm Choke pull-down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 to 5.8 mm Choke phasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 to 2.5 mm Float height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.5 to 35.5 mm Primary Secondary Venturi diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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