as his Journal) and writing other texts dealing with his intimate thoughts. The year 1806 proved to be a turning point. Count Pierre Daru, having been appointed intendant- general of Napoleon's army, had his young protégé sent as an adjunct military commissary to the German city of Brunswick. This was the beginning of an administrative career in the French army that allowed Henri Beyle to discover parts of Germany and Austria. His army appointment gave him a direct experience of the Napoleonic regime and of Europe at war. He watched Moscow go up in flames, took part in the French forces' retreat from Russia, and helped organize the military defence of the province of Dauphiné back in France. In 1814, when the French empire fell, he decided to settle in Italy. But the more authentic Stendhal is to be found elsewhere, and above all in a cluster of favourite ideas: the hostility to the concept of "ideal beauty," the notion of modernity, and the exaltation of energy,
Charles II - son of above, put on throne after republic turned out to be a really bad idea. Last monarch to have an independent income. After him, Parliament held tight control on monarch's money. William III and Mary II - Only husband and wife to rule equally. Signers for the Bill of Rights. George I - first King to have Prime Minister run things George III - King during American revolution. Blamed for everything, actually all Parliaments fault. King during French Revolution and Napoleonic wars. Victoria - longest reigning monarch. Reigned over height of British Empire Elizabeth II - lost British Empire
Europe, where it is refined and sold. After the production of sugar began to increase in sugar trading and the broader upper classes it was no longer a privilege. In most European countries was 17 century in different parts of the world's colonies, the countries themselves, for themselves where they could grow sugar cane. Darker aspect of the history of sugar in the transport of slaves from Africa to work sugar cane plants. The transition from sugar beet During the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) Napoleon blocked sea "roads" to prevent the importation of sugar ships. As a result, the sugar cane began to look for replacements. Found that sugar beet can be separated. Beet-sugar was very low at that time, however, and sugar prices rose. After the Napoleonic wars the French abandoned the stock trades under the control of sugar cane, and became available again. Beet-sugar production died. The situation changed again,
tourist attraction in central London, England, United Kingdom. At its centre is Nelson's Column, which is guarded by four lion statues at its base. There are a number of statues and sculptures in the square, with one plinth displaying changing pieces of contemporary art. The square is also used for political demonstrations and community gatherings, such as the celebration of New Year's Eve. The name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), a British naval victory of the Napoleonic Wars over France. The original name was to have been "King William the Fourth's Square", but George Ledwell Taylor suggested the name "Trafalgar Square" Leicester Square Leicester Square is a pedestrianised square in the West End of London, England. The Square lies within an area bound by Lisle Street, to the north; Charing Cross Road, to the east; Orange Street, to the south; and Whitcomb Street, to the west. The park at the centre of the
Highbury's (and Emma's) general tendency to think highly of the young man whom the town has never yet seen. PERSUASION In 1814 England, 27-year old Anne Elliot lives an oppressive life with her father, Sir Walter Elliot of Kellynch Hall, and her elder sister Elizabeth, both of whom are incurable snobs. Eight and a half years ago, Anne been persuaded to refuse an offer of marriage from the man she loved, a young naval officer of no position or fortune. Now, after the Napoleonic wars, Captain Wentworth has gained both rank and money, and chance has thrown them together again. Anne finds herself confronted with thoughts of might-have- been as she watches Wentworth court her brother-in-law's sister, Louisa. But an accident causes Wentworth to realize whom he truly cares for, and he follows Anne to Bath. But her cousin William (the heir to Kellynch Hall) is also pursuing her and is rumored to be engaged to Anne
parliaments of England and Scotland to ratify the 1706 Treaty of Union and so unite the two kingdoms • The term "United Kingdom" became official in 1801 when the parliaments of Britain and Ireland each passed an Act of Union, uniting the two kingdoms and creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Late history • After the defeat of France at the end of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), the UK emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century • UK had the industrial monopoly World War I • The UK fought with France, Russia and (after 1917) the US, against Germany and its allies in World War I • The British Empire reached its greatest extent, covering a fifth of the world's land surface and a quarter of its population • However, the UK had suffered 2.5 million casualties and
With its position in the heart of London, it is a tourist attraction, and one of the most famous squares in the United Kingdom and the world. At its centre is Nelson's Column, which is guarded by four lion statues at its base. Statues and sculptures are on display in the square, including a fourth plinth displaying changing pieces of contemporary art, and it is a site of political demonstrations. The name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), a British naval victory of the Napoleonic Wars. The original name was to have been "King William the Fourth's Square", but George Ledwell Taylor suggested the name "Trafalgar Square". The northern area of the square had been the site of the King's Mews since the time of Edward I, while the southern end was the original Charing Cross, where the Strand from the City met Whitehall, coming north from Westminster. As the midpoint between these twin
Influences: 7. G.G. Byron major works: 1806 Hours of Idleness 1809 English Bards and Scotch Reviewers 1813-1818 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage a partly autobiographical narrative poem that describes the travels and reflections of a world-weary young man who, disillusioned with a life of pleasure and revelry, looks for distraction in foreign lands; in a wider sense, it is an expression of the melancholy and disillusionment felt by a generation weary of the wars of the post-Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras. 1813 The Giaour; The Bride of Abydos 1814 The Corsair; Lara 1815 Hebrew melodies 1816 Parisina; The Prisoner of Chillon; The Dream; Prometheus; Darkness 1817 Manfred-a ghost story; The Lament of Tasso 1818 Beppo 1819 Mazeppa; The Prophecy of Dante 1820 Marino Faliero 1821 Sardanapalus; The Two Foscari; Cain 1819-1824 Don Juan a long, digressive satiric poem, based on the legend of Don Juan, which Byron reverses, portraying Juan as someone who is easily seduced by women.
The code grew out of a desire for a truly national law that would override the often conflicting customs and codes of the various German territories. The code is divided into five parts. The first is general, covering concepts of personal rights and legal personality. The subjects of the other four parts are: obligations, including concepts of sale and contract; things, including immovable and movable property; domestic relations; and succession. FRENCH CIVIL CODE Napoleonic Code, French Code Napoleon, French civil code enacted in 1804 and still extant, with revisions; it has been the main influence in the 19th-century civil codes of most countries of continental Europe and Latin America. The first book of the code deals with the law of persons: the enjoyment of civil rights, the protection of personality, domicile, guardianship, tutorship, relations of parents and children, marriage,
The great Trek and the foundation of the two independent Boer republic In about 19 C many Voortrekkers, dutch origin people who live in South Afrika, the Afrikaners moved out of British Cape Colony Their Great Trek- journey by ox wagon, a sign of discontent with the English authorities who had forbidden slave trade and postulated the equality of whites and blacks. Two boer republics- Transvaal, the Orange Free State The Napoleonic Wars 1793-1815 The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between France under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte and a number of European nations. Riflemen, congreve rockets. British army under leadership of Duke of Wellington Napoleon decide to invade Russia in 1812, was forced to retreat due to weather, he was surrounded. He abdicated in 1814. Napoleon staged a daring return to power and tried to reverse
half English. He was very large. Bach died from 1750 to the present. Beethoven wrote music even though he was deaf. He was so deaf he wrote loud music. He took long walks in the forest even when everyone was calling for him. Beethoven expired in 1827 and later died for this. France was in a very serious state. The French Revolution was accomplished before it happened. The Marseillaise was the theme song of the French Revolution, and it catapulted into Napoleon. During the Napoleonic Wars, the crowned heads of Europe were trembling in their shoes. Then the Spanish gorrilas came down from the hills and nipped at Napoleon's flanks. Napoleon became ill with bladder problems and was very tense and unrestrained. He wanted an heir to inheret his power, but since Josephine was a baroness, she couldn't bear him any children. The sun never set on the British Empire because the British Empire is in the East and the sun sets in the West. Queen Victoria was the longest queen
Zealand had been part of the colony of New South Wales. New Zealand became an independent Dominion and a fully independent nation when the Statute of Westminster was ratified, although in practice Britain had ceased to play any real role in the government of New Zealand much earlier than this. *The British expansion in South Africa When Dutch mercantile power began to fade, the British moved in to fill the vacuum. They seized the Cape to prevent it from falling into the hands of Napoleonic France. British sovereignty of the area was recognized at the Congress of Vienna. A pattern soon emerged whereby English-speakers became highly urbanised, and dominated politics and trade while the largely uneducated Boers were relegated to their farms. The gap between the British settlers and the Boers further widened with the abolition of slavery. South African Wars between the British and the Boers concluded in the Treaty of Vereeniging
and how the fire was extinguished. · Trafalgar Square is a square in the heart of London, it is a tourist attraction, and one of the most famous squares in the United Kingdom and the world. The square is also used as a location for political demonstrations and community gatherings, such as the celebration of New Year's Eve in London. The name commemorates the Battle of Trafalgar (1805), a British naval victory of the Napoleonic Wars. The original name was to have been "King William the Fourth's Square", but George Ledwell Taylor suggested the name "Trafalgar Square". · The Thames Barrier - The Thames Barrier is the world's second largest movable flood barrierand is located downstream of central London. Its purpose is to prevent London from being flooded
The cliffs were formed over 80 million years ago. They are a part of British coastline facing France and the Strait of Dover. The cliffs owe its impressive façade to its composition of chalk accentuated by streaks of black flint and they spread east and west from the town of Dover in the county of Kent. There are miles of hidden tunnels behind the cliff face which were created during the Middle Ages and had an important role in the defence of Britain during the Napoleonic wars. London, the capital of England, has a lot of famous sightseeings itself. One of the greatest is surely Buckingham Palace, which is the official London residence of British monarch, built in 1703 as a large townhouse for Duke of Buckingham. Also, Big Ben, the 150-years-old great bell of the clock at the north-eastern end of Palace of Westminster and is also the largest four-faced chiming clock in the world, and the Tower of London, a historic fortress and
still intact. That is not to say it survived unscathed. A bomb hit the north transept and another destroyed the High Altar which was replaced by one commemorating the dead of the First and Second World Wars. The chapel behind the High Altar, also damaged, was restored. It is called the American Chapel and dedicated to the Americans who died in Britain during the Second World War. St Paul's has been the scene of many great State ceremonies including: · a thanksgiving for the end of the Napoleonic Wars · the Duke of Wellington's funeral · the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer · a service of commemoration and thanks for the life of the Queen Mother · a thanksgiving service, attended by the Queen, as part of her Golden Jubilee celebrations The Whispering Gallery is probably the most famous of St Paul's attractions. Climb up 259 steps into the lower part of the dome and if you whisper on one
In the late 18th century a struggle broke out between the party of the house of Orange, which had become conservative, and the Patriot Party, which desired democratic reforms. The Orange Party enjoyed a brief triumph with the help of an invading Prussian army in 1787, but in 1795 French troops and a force consisting of self-exiled Dutch citizens replaced the republic of the seven United Provinces with the Batavian Republic, which was modeled on the revolutionary French Republic. (2) 2.10 The Napoleonic Era and the Union with Belgium The Batavian Republic survived only until 1806, when Napoleon transformed the country into the kingdom of Holland. In 1810 he incorporated it into the French Empire. While the Dutch were under French rule, the British seized Dutch colonial possessions. After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna restored the independence of the Netherlands in 1815. In addition, the territory now comprising Belgium was made part of the kingdom of the Netherlands. (3)
The hope of the age is in woman!" 6. The Brontë sisters · Name Charlotte Brontë's works. What are they about? Jane Eyre, published in 1847 one of the mos famous of British novels, Brontë's strongest work, was an immediate critical and popular success. Character - a small, plain-faced, intelligent and passionate English orphan girl. Shirley, published in 1849 a social novel, set in Yorkshire in the period 1811-1812, during the industrial depression resulting from the Napoleonic wars amd the War 1812, set against backdrop of the Luddite uprisings in the Yorkshire textile industry. Villette, published 1853 after an unspecified family disaster, protagonist Lucy Snowe travels to the fictional city of Villette to teach at an all-girls school where she is unwilligly pulled into both adventure and romance, acute tracing of Lucy's psychology, use of Gothic doubling to represent externally what her protagonist ise suffering internally.
seas, and were the world’s greatest traders. Although Britain lost the American colonies in 1783, it gained new territories abroad. Captain James Cook claimed Australia and New Zealand (first visited by the Dutch in the seventeenth century) for Britain in 1770. In 1788 the British government 79 began to send convicts to Australia. Free settlers arrived there later. New Zealand was annexed in 1840. A Rapid Expansion During the Napoleonic Wars Britain took over and occupied a number of places. Among them were Malta and the Ionian Islands in the Mediterranean, Sierra Leone and Cape Colony in Africa, Ceylon, Mauritius and Singapore in the Indian Ocean, Guiana in northern South America, St. Lucia and Trinidad in the West Indies. Britain promptly recognized the independence of several South American colonies that rebelled against Spain in the early nineteenth century. These included Argentina
the timber truss bridge. The most famous were two Swiss brothers, Johannes and Ulrich Grubenmann, who built bridges at Schaffhausen, Reichenau, and Wettingen that combined diagonal struts and trusses to produce remarkably long spans for their time. The Schaffhausen Bridge (1757), over the Rhine in northern Switzerland, had two spans, 171ft and 193ft (52m and 59m) respectively, which rested lightly on an intermediate pier when loaded. It was burned by the French in 1799 during the Napoleonic Wars. One of the few Grubenmann bridges to survive is Rumlangbrücke (1766), with a span of 89ft (27m). Figure 6 Bridgeport Bridge (1862), clear-spanning 208ft (63m) over the South Fork of the Yuba River near Grass Valley, California (USA), has two parallel trusses based on the Howe patent of timber and iron rods, flanked by solid wooden arches cut to the curves and reflected in the exterior siding. It is the second longest covered wooden bridge span in the USA, after the
is t i g h t - l i p p e d or where it would be awkward and unrealistic for him or her to explain things that are second nature to the hero but very exotic to us, an Ally can do the work of explaining everything as needed. T h e Ally is sometimes an "audience character," someone who sees the Special W o r l d of the story with fresh eyes as we would do if we were there. Novelist Patrick O'Brian employed this device in his long series of books about the British Navy in the Napoleonic Wars. H i s hero, Jack Aubrey, is similar to heroes of other seafaring books like C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornhlower, but O'Brian's books are distinguished by the introduction of a strong, life-long Ally for the dash ing sea captain, in the character of Stephen Maturin, a doctor, naturalist, and secret 72 ALLY agent who remains a stranger to the ways of the sea despite decades of sailing with
hitherto unconquerable Napoleon. That military genius, though not quite the cryptologic moron that it has been the fashion to portray him as being, certainly did not fully appreciate the importance of a tough cryptography. He depended upon a single, easy-to-solve system during most of his campaigns, including the Russian; this was his petit chiffre, a nomenclator of about 200 groups. Even without his generals' predilection for partial encipherments, the Napoleonic cryptograms must have crumpled before the assault of the Russian cryptanalysts. How the solutions helped the Russians is not known, but that they must have been of some assistance is indicated by the fact that the victorious Czar, Alexander I, cited them himself when reminiscing about the war. At a state dinner that he gave in Paris years later for the marshals of France, he mentioned having read secret French dispatches. Marshal Macdonald,
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