President) Solutions Judiciary, with Constitutional Court at its apex, reviewing constitutionality of laws Legislature - the Bundestag and Bundesrat passing laws Executive (Chancellor and government): proposing and implementing laws · Single executive: President downgraded to ceremonial role Federalism: distribution of responsibilities between central and regional government Bundesrat Bundestag · Four year fixed term Second Chamber (cf House of Lords) Represents German Länder (= devolved regions) in national politics · 656 members, half 16 Länder send delegations with voting weights in loose proportion elected from to population
Party competition across levels of government `Regions' as spheres for autonomous action South Africa Mexico Germany · 9 provinces · 31 states plus federal district · Developed democracy · `Cooperative' federalism · Predominant role for federal 16 Laender German influence, ANC government · Cooperative federalism preference · Centralisation in the · Mainly federal laws
- Migration - Eastern flank - Transatlantic relations Key innovations - Public presecutor - European referendum - Minister of Foreign Affairs - Withdrawal clause - Popular initiative - Border guard Developments 5 scenarios proposed by Juncker - Carrying on - Nothing but the single market - Those who want more do more - Doing less more efficiently - Doing much more together Grand theories of European Integrations - Federalism - Functionalism - Neo-functionalism - Intergovernmentaism - Liberal intergovermentalism Theory – group of ideas meant to explain a certain issue EU integration theories are meant to address: - The speed and direction f EU integration - The speed and direction of individual policies - The failure to establish certain policies - The institutional development - Why progress takes place in certain times Federalism Ventotene manifesto
8. Which countries initially joined Schengen? BE, FR, LU, NL, DE 9. Which are the four key institutions of the ECSC? High Authority, Special Council of Ministers, Common Assembly, Court of Justice 10. Which conference re-launched the process intergration – focussing on economic integration in 1955? Which countries participated to the community created after it? Messina Conference? IT, FR, DE, BE, NL, LU 11. Who is the father of European federalism? And what did he write? - Altiero Spinelli / The Ventotene Manifesto 12. What is the functional spillover - The integration of one sector works only if the bordering sector is also integrated 13. Which EU institution brings together the Heads of state and government (at least) twice a year? The European Council 14. Among the EU institutions, which are the two co-legislators and which one has the right of legislative initiative European
Ratsionaalsed ootused Rational expectations pakkumisinflatsioon Demand-pull inflation kuluinflatsioon Cost-push I. stagflatsioon stagflation Phillipsi kõver Phillips curve Eelarve ja fiskaalpoliitika. Budge and fiscal policy. Fiskaalpoliitika Fiscal policy Valitsuse eelarve Government budget Fiskaalföderalism Fiscal federalism Eelarve puudujääk Budget deficit, BD Esmane eelarve Primary BD puudujääk Struktuurne eelarve Structural BD puudujääk Tsükliline eelarve Cyclical BD puudujääk Tegelik eelarve puudujääk Actual BD Eealve ülejääk Budget surplus Rahaga finantseerimine Monetization of deficit väljatõrjumiseffekt Crowding out effect diskreetne Discrecionary fiscal policy
recent history. Ex-Labour-leader John Smith described the revival of a Scottish parliament as the "settled will of the Scottish people". The constitutional status of Scotland is nonetheless subject to ongoing debate. In 2007, the Scottish Government established a "National Conversation" on constitutional issues, proposing a number of options such as increasing the powers of the Scottish Parliament, federalism, or a referendum on Scottish independence from the United Kingdom. In rejecting the latter option, the three main opposition parties in the Scottish Parliament have proposed a separate Scottish. Constitutional Commission to investigate the distribution of powers between devolved Scottish and UK-wide bodies. Kokkuvõte Sotimaa asub Euroopa loode osas ,mis on kolmandik Suur-Britanniast . Selle alla kuulub umbes 790 saart. Edinburg,riigi pealinn, on suuruselt teine linn Euroopa keskustest
There is little certainty about the origin of the nationalist movements, but it is clear that French Canadian nationalism has been present for at least 200 years. When several parties and movements sprang up, preaching independence in the early 1960s, the social-democratic form of nationalism became the dominant form of nationalism. The Quiet Revolution can be credited for the surge in Quebec nationalism. The Quebec Liberal Party has traditionally supported a form of Quebec federalism that supports Quebec remaining within the Canadian federation while also supporting reforms that would allow Quebec substantial autonomy. 23. The best-known explorers of Canadian north. The Hudson's Bay Company. Sir Martin Frobisher was an English seaman who made three voyages to the New World to look for the Northwest Passage. All landed in northeastern Canada, around today's Resolution Island and Frobisher Bay. Voyages in 1576, 1577 and 1578.
Asjaolu, et meetmed tunnistaks mitterakendatavaks kohus, ei muudaks sisuliselt midagi: poliitilise otsuse sündimiseks vajalik eeldus ei oleks enam täidetud, mistõttu peaks (sageli) alustama otsustamisprotsessi Euroopa Liidu tasandil algusest peale. Jah, tõsi, liikmesriigi kohus tunnistaks liidu õigusakti mitterakendatavaks üksnes juhul, kui see on vastuolus põhiõiguste või riigi põhiseaduse aluspõhimõtetega, kuid neid võib tõlgendada 57 C. Fercot. Perspectives on Federalism. Diversity of Constitutional Rights in Federal Systems. A Comparative Analysis of German, American and Swiss Law. – European Constitutional Law Review 2008 (4), lk 323. 58 F. Ost, M. Kerchove. De la pyramide au réseau? Pour une théorie dialectique du droit. Bruxelles 2002. 59 F. Giorgi, N. Triart. National Judges, Community Judges: Invitation to a Journey through the Looking-glass – On the Need for Jurisdic-
ensures the most efficient use of world-wide resources. 4 Economic Union D Approach to attaining a common market underpinned by the principles of non-discrimination, market access and concept of comparative federalism. States retain power to regulate as long as national regulation does not interfere with `federal` law. 5 Free trade E Common foreign and security policies first appear at the stage of integration called ...
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