.........................................................8 Word Order in Subject Questions ..........................................................9 Types of Sentences There are four basic types of sentences in English. AFFIRMATIVE and NEGATIVE sentences both end with a full stop ( ) : . I live in Tallinn. I do not live in Tallinn. I never watch soap operas. INTERROGATIVE sentences end with a question mark ( ? ) : Do you live in Tallinn? Why do you never watch soap operas? EXCLAMATORY and IMPERATIVE sentences end with an exclamation mark ( ! ) : What a beautiful day! Do your homework at once! Parts of the Sentence The basic parts of the sentence are: THE SUBJECT (WHO? WHAT?) , THE PREDICATE (does, is doing, has done, etc – action/statement), THE OBJECT (WHO/WHAT is the action/statement directed at?) : Marion (who?) has a boy-friend (who?). She (who?) likes to read books (what?). The earth (what?) is a planet (what?). Besides, there are:
equal grammatical status. Subordinating conjunctions (subordinators; although, after, as, because, before, since, when) indicate the semantic relationship between a subordinate clause and a main clause. interjection hüüdsõna, A term for exclamatory words or expressive Gosh! That's quick. interjektsioon vocalisations used to express emotional reactions such as surprise, shock, delight (Oh! Ouch! Oops! Wow!). article artikkel Articles are used with nouns. There are three forms of a/an, the the article in English: the indefinite article (a/an), the
3. Vulgar words in the context lend their negative charge normally to the following word. 4. The same do certain intensifiers, such as: merely, only, too, too much, horribly, perfectly, so, etc. 5. Repetition of a word in a sentence makes the negative charge stronger. 6. Graphic presentation the inverted commas, quotation marks (e.g. "This `sweet' lady has killed five husbands."). 7. Uncommon use of punctuation. 8. Exclamatory and interrogatory sentences (e.g. "Women and votes!). 9. The writer may indicate the quality of the character's voice (e.g. "Society," she said blackly (shows speaker's negative attitude). "Society" becomes negatively because of "blackly"). Positive adherent connotation 1. The closeness and neighbourhood of words with inherent positive overtones. 2. We may have comparison a part of which the word becomes. 3. Words "hope", "wish", etc. may affect a word in the context
colouring (your bloody principles) · The use of certain intensifiers (too, too much, horribly, perfectly, so, only) (too clean, too new) · We may have a repetition of a word in a sentence (always preaching, preaching, quietly, quietly) · Graphical presentation: in the inverted commas (this "sweet" lady is a killer); uncommon use of punctuation. · Exclamatory and interrogative sentences (women and votes!) · The writer indicating the quality of the characters voice ("Society," he said grimly. Positive adherent connotation: · Proximity of words with pos AC (my hands "beautiful" "big, red and brutal") · A comparison, a part of which the word becomes (Youth is so much more valuable than experience: it is also far more intelligent) · Verbs--hope, wish, and want (clever people everywhere
g. "You are sitting here comfortably, preaching about it everlasting preaching, preaching words, words." this makes the negative charge rather strong). 6. Graphic presentation the inverted commas, quotation marks (e.g. "This `sweet' lady has killed five husbands."). 7. Uncommon use of punctuation (e.g. "But I have always had to fight for my children while he sat over his books and prayed."). 8. Exclamatory and interrogatory sentences (e.g. "Women and votes! It's the last stage of the decomposition of the world." "women" and "votes" become negative due to the exclamation mark). 9. The writer may indicate the quality of the character's voice (e.g. "And in 20 years do you know what those people would be? "Society," she said blackly (shows speaker's negative attitude). "Society" becomes negatively because of "blackly").
... From the rhythmical point, the alteration of long and short paragraphs adds to the rhythmical effect on the text. Long paragraphs create a monotonous rhythmic effect. A sequence of short or very short paragraphs creates an abrupt rhythm. The most prominent punctuation marks are exclamation marks and question marks. Their frequent use in the text speaks of emotionality. E.g. Winter! So cold! Why snow? The exclamation mark is often used to offer the sentences that are not exclamatory in form. In such cases it expresses the specific, mostly ironic attitude or indignation. E.g. a truth, a faith, a generation of men goes and is forgotten, and it doesn't matter! Sentences that are interrogative in structure mat end with exclamation m to express strong surprise of distrust. E.g. a, does she think of me so often! The dash and dots (suspension marks) create emotional pauses to mark indecision, uncertainty, nervousness. E.g. Well, he is a..he is a kind of acquaintance
so. e.g They were too clean, too neatly arranged, too new. 5 Repetition of a word in a sentence, e.g You are sitting here, comfortably preaching about it everlasting preaching, preaching, words, words, words. 6 Graphic presentation ,,This sweet (negative meaning) lady has killed five husbands." Punctuation used uncommonly ,,But I have alwyas had to fight for my children while he sat over his books and played." (uncommon dash) 7 Exclamatory and interrogative sentences e.g Women and votes! It's the last stage of decomposition of the world! The writer indicating the quality of the character's voice, then the writer may add ,,he add" in remarks. e.g And in twenty years do you know what those people will be? Society, she said blackly. Positive adherent connotation This type of connotation is used less frequently than negative connotation. 6
The present tense as `nonpast': I want a cake. I wanted a cake. Today is Tuesday. Tomorrow is Wednesday. What are you doing today/tomorrow? *I can help you yesterday. I can help you today/tomorrow. Meanings of the simple present tense with reference to present time: (a) State present (b) Habitual present (c) Instantaneous present - commentaries - demonstrations and other self-commentaries - special exclamatory sentences - performatives Nonpresent uses of the present tense (a) `The historic present' (b) with verbs of communication (c) Referring to the future (d) fictional narratives Meanings of the past tense with reference to past time: The past tense combines 2 features of meaning: - the event/state takes place in the past and there is a gap between its completion and the present moment - the event/state took place at a definite time (a) Event past (b) Habitual past (c) State past
phone booth una cabina to pick up descolgar call una llamada to hang up colgar ringtone el timbre del teléfono to leave a message dejar un recado dialtone el tono de marcar to be very talkative hablar por los codos wrong number un número equivocado to dial a number marcar un número busy signal la señal de ocupado 87. Exclamations Exclamatory phrases, which express what a or how, begin with qué, cuánto, and cómo. Qué can be followed by a noun or an adjective. Sometimes tan or más are also used with the adjective to emphasize a defect or a quality. ¡Qué mujer! What a woman! ¡Qué familia tan unida! What a united family! Cuánto expresses quantity, and agrees in gender and number with the adjective that follows. It can also be followed by a verb, in which case there is no agreement. Furthermore, lo que can replace
ends with a period. 139 Kinds of Sentences There are four kinds of sentences. 4 A declarative sentence makes a statement. The children are swimming. Richard is feeding The telephone rang. the hens. Everyone sat down. 4 An interrogative sentence asks a question. Where are the twins? What is Richard Are you going shopping today? doing? What is your name? 4 An exclamatory sentence expresses strong emotion. What lovely weather! The silly girl! How stupid I am! 4 An imperative sentence gives an order. Please sit down. Tell me the truth. Come back! Speak up! 140 The Imperative Use the base form of a verb to give commands or make direct requests. This use of the verb is called the imperative. Stand, everyone!
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