Restoration Age (16601700); The Glorious Revolution (1688) Restor. literature: contrasting puritanism of Cromwell's time; a shift in morality (brings free attitudes); continental influences (Dutch and French); new forms: fiction and journalism Restor. theatre: comedy of manners, plays are socially mixed, women allowed to perform; heroic drama example: "The Country Wife" by William Wycherley Restor. prose: religious writing philosophical writing; instability of government political writing empiricism and scientific method Enlightenment (late 17th century) a cultural movement of intellectuals Writers: John Milton ("Paradise Lost", poems; "Areopagitica", defense of free speech; personal freedom and knowledge of self, contemporary urgent issues of both religious and political nature; high time during Civil War; "Eikonoklaste"); John Dryden (heroic couplet as new standard in poetry, satiric verses; influenced many 18th century writers; "Absalom & Achitophel")
olemas. 6. Why God's truthfulness is important for Descartes? Kuna sellest järeldub, et me saame oma mõistust usaldada. 7. According to Descartes, which are the two elements that constitute man and how are they connected? Mõistus ja keha; nad on ühendatud käbikeha kaudu. F. Hume 1. What is the problem that Hume is trying to solve? What answer does he give to that problem? Küsimus „kas milleski saab kindel olla?“ Tema leiab, et mitte. 2. What is Empiricism? Mõtteviis, et kogu mõistuses olev teave tuleb väljast, meelte kaudu. 3. What is Skepticism? Faktidena sõnastatud väiteis kahtlemine. 4. According to Hume, what two different kinds of mental perceptions can we find in our minds? Ideed ja muljed. 5. What does Hume think about general abstract ideas? Why? Ta leiab, et neid pole tegelikult olemas, kuna inimene konstrueerib ideed muljete põhjal. 6. What does Hume think about the notion of substance? Why
inimese kohta). Learnes patterns of behaviour are habits. Habit makes society possible. Act in ways that are compatible with the tupe of person you would like to become. Aitas evolutsiooni teooria tuua psühholoogiasse. Tema pragmaatiline suhtumine viis rakenduspsy kujunemisenie (applied psych.) Ideo-motor - ideas cause behavior, and thus we can control our behavior by controlling our ideas. Habits - learned patterns of behavior. Radical empiricism - all consistent categories of human experience are worthy of study, whether or not they are amanable to the methods of science. Tender-minded: intellektuaalsed, põhimõtetele orienteeritud, optimistlikud, religioossed, idealistlikud, uskusid vabasse tahtesse Thought-minded empiristid, faktidele orienteeritud, materialistlikud, pessimistid, skeptilised, fatalistid James-Lange teooria: the theory that people first respond and then have an emotinal experience.
are they connected? Human beings are formed by the union of a res cogitans (thinking thing - mind/soul) and a res extensa (an extended thing - material substance), that are united in the pineal gland. 12. What is the main problem of Descartes philosophy? Dualism. Idea- Things; soul-body c. Hume 13. What is the problem that Hume is trying to solve? What answer he gives to this problem? Can we be certain about anything? He wants to show that this pretension is absolutely false. 14. What is Empiricism? 15. What is Skepticism? Skepticism is generally any questioning attitude towards knowledge, facts, opinions or beliefs stated as facts, or doubt regarding claims that are taken for granted elsewhere. 16. According to Hume, what different kind of mental perceptions can we find in human mind? Ideas(thoughts), impression(sensation and feelings). 17. What does Hume think about general abstract ideas? Why? “There is no such thing as abstract or general ideas, properly speaking”. 18
from that time on themonarch had to rule through the Parliament. Since 1701 only Potestants were allowed to inherit the crown. In 1701 the Act of the Union with Scotland, which declared that Scotland becomes a part of the UK. 1611 the authorised version of the Bible was piblished, which was used officially by the Anglican Church. This o course was followed bu the formation of different christian sects who all interpreted the Bible differently. In science empiricism became a thing that people did i.e. They didn't just assume shit and then proclaim it to be the whole truth. In 1660 the Royal Society was founded, which was a society of scientist. It is still on-going. In 1628 Edmund Halley sighted the Halley's comet. The Great Fie of London happened in 1666 2nd September. Previous to the fire it had been very dry and the fire started in a Pudding Lane bakery, where a baker had brought dry firewood and placed it near a fireplace
loses its origin, the author enters his own death, writing begins. Nevertheless, the feeling about this phenomenon has been variable; in primitive societies, narrative is never undertaken by a person, but by a mediator, shaman or speaker, whose “perfor- mance” may be admired (that is, his mastery of the narrative code), but not his “ge- nius” The author is a modern figure, produced no doubt by our society insofar as, at the end of the middle ages, with English empiricism, French rationalism and the per- sonal faith of the Reformation, it discovered the prestige of the individual, or, to put it more nobly, of the “human person” Hence it is logical that with regard to literature it should be positivism, resume and the result of capitalist ideology, which has accorded the greatest importance to the author’s “person” The author still rules in manuals of literary history, in biographies of writers, in magazine interviews, and even in the
c. Vestlus d. Küsitlus/anketeerimine e. Test 15. Ebateadusliku (Wilber) psühholoogia eristamine teaduslikust. Integraalse psühholoogia eesmärgiks on austada ja hõlmata inimteadvuse igat põhjendatud aspekti. ?????????? 16. Teaduse tunnused. a. science is a way to learn the TRUTH b. science is DETERMINISTIC c. science is MECHANISTIC d. science uses METHODS e. !! science only deals with what we can see or measure EMPIRICISM f. the best way to learn the truth is to EXPERIMENT g. science is OBJECTIVE 17. Teaduslik uurimus. a. Teha vaatlusi b. Luua teooria, seadusi c. Genereerida hüpotees d. Testida eksperimenteerides e. Tagasi lükata/parandada teooriat 18. Mõõtmine. ... on numbrite panek vastavalt kindlale reeglile. Kummaline J Aga tõepoolest mille eest saan A, mille eest B...Reeglid peavad olema ja siis toimubki mõõtmine. 19. Testid
have meanings; according to him there is no such thing as sentence meaning. Quine also attacked the formerly widespread view that some sentences are "analytic" in the sense of being true by definition or solely in virtue of the meanings of their component terms. The theory and its motivation The Verification Theory of meaning, which flourished in the 1930s and 1940s, was a highly political theory of meaning. It was motivated by, and reciprocally helped to motivate, a growing empiricism and scientism in philosophy and in other disciplines. In particular, it was the engine that drove the philosophi- cal movement of logical positivism, which was correctly perceived by moral philosophers, poets, theologians, and many others as directly attacking the foundations of their respective enterprises. Unlike most philosophical theo- ries, it also had numerous powerful effects on the actual practice of science, both very good effects and very bad. But here we shall examine verification-
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