Revision questions for the test on Old English and Medieval Literature. 1.) How is literature analysed and studied? What is the difference between the diachronic and synchronic view? Literature is studied and analysed by reading the piece of work profoundly and work on all the aspects of the piece. Diachronic is development in history Synchronic is particular state at any given moment 2.) Give a general overview of Celtic Britain, Roman invasion in 55-54 BC, Anglo-Saxon invasion and the second Roman "invasion" of Great Britain, who were the leaders, what influence did they leave on the culture of Great Britain? Celtic Britain was during the Bronze Age, there were many small tribal kingdoms fighting one another. Many megalithic monuments were built around that time, e.g
have led to more cultural and technological changes. Therefore it's not surprising that there have been great changes in the lexicons of these languages as well, mostly in the form of new words for new things. ("Things" in this context can be virtually anything, not just physical objects, but cultural artefacts like a new type of dance, a new way of killing people, or the concept of voting for your leaders.) Where do all the new words come from? The diachronic development of the lexicon in any given language or group of languages is characterised by quite a few regularities and regularly occurring phenomena. Moreover, lexical items and lexical characteristics are among the most easily shared features of languages in contact. There are also a number of broadly European historical events and features (e.g. the Roman Empire, the Enlightenment) that affected many European languages, including the Romance languages, in similar ways
words that is used together as an idiomatic expression or collocation, usually conjoined by the words and or or. The order of elements cannot be reversed. Short and sweet. Lo and behold. Phrasal verbs a verb and a particle and/or a preposition co-occur forming a single semantic unit. This semantic unit cannot be understood based upon the meanings of the individual parts in isolation, but rather it must be taken as a whole. Look after, look forward to. Lexical fields There is diachronic (historical) lexicology that studies origin and development; syncronic studies voc at a given historical period. There are general lexicology (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular language); special lexicology (studies specific features of a separate language); contrastive (compares vocabularies in different languages). Componential analysis refers to the description of the meaning of words through
and 6 senior schoolboys (but 4 teenagers were discussed in the available paper). Adults between 45 and 55 years of age were also recorded. Conclusions: Altendorf (1999a) concludes that /t/-glottaling and /l/-vocalisation are characteristic of EE, but they `are not exclusive enough to define Estuary English as a distinct variety'. Przedlacka 1997/1998: the Home Counties Project The sociophonetic study of teenage speech in the Home Counties conducted by Przedlacka, contained the diachronic and the synchronic dimensions. The data from (1) `Estuary English' speakers and the informants included in The Survey of English Dialects (the SED) recorded in the 1950s (Orton 1967 & 1970, in Przedlacka 2001 & 2002a), and (2) speakers of `Estuary English', Cockney and Received Pronunciation were compared. Gender and class differences were taken into account. The fieldwork was done in four localities: Aylesbury, Bucks, Little Baddow, Essex, Farningham,
1.Lexicology as a science L. studies the voc of lg as a system. Word-learning, lexis-logos. The task of L is to establish the general features of modern Engl voc. Theoretical L. gives a complete picture of voc. Practical value lies in using and appretiating the lg more conciously. There is diachronic (historical) L that studies origin and development; syncronic studies voc at a given historical period. There are general L (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular lg); special L (studies specific features of a separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression.
Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). Syntax (concerned with the rules [grammar] and how sentences and words are formed). Synchronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how language exists in one moment in time, not at how this language came to be the way it is now. Example Estonian in the 21st century. Diachronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how a language has changed over some period of time. In a way it is comparing language to what it was and how it is now. For example comparing 18th century and 19th century Estonian. Linguistic competence → Is a person’s knowledge of how it is correct to speak but he or she is unable to give reasons why this is the right way of speaking. Chomsky says that linguistic competence is an idealized capacity of language
will Á inevitably Á also regard them as testimonies from a bleak, not too remote, period of their history. The two books refer to Romania in the early 1990s, and, from a diachronic perspective, many things have changed in the surrounding reality. Yet, these narratives are also about deeply held beliefs, tastes, and mentalities that are difficult to change. Through an ethical, instructive reading and a `fractal' travel
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