kui 1% Ennetamine Vaktsineerimineenne nendesse maadesse minekut, kus võib esineda koolerat Koolera on Zimbabwes tapnud üle 3000 inimese (28.01.2009) Üle 57 000 inimese on WHO andmetel koolerasse nakatunud Tegemist on kõige raskekujulisema kooleraepideemiaga Aafrikas viimase 14 aasta jooksul. Levik Kasutatud kirjandus http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolera http://www.inimene.ee/index.php? disease=k&sisu=disease&did=797 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera http://www.eau.ee/~viltrop/1_Intropp.pdf http://www.kalev.ee/est/? news=979230&category=56&Zimbabwes-on-koolerasse- surnud-ule-3000-inimese Täname tähelepanu eest
· Industrial chemicals · Diseases spread · Lack of pollution prevention laws 7 · The lack of adequate water services is the cause of much disease and illness in the developing nations. · World Health Organization of the United Nations estimates that 900 million people each year suffer from diarrheal illnesses or other diseases spread by contaminated water, such as typhoid and cholera. · According to the World Bank, the use of polluted water for human consumption is the principal cause of health problems that kill more than 2 million people each year--most of them children--and make another billion sick. 8 Environment · Highly polluted · No laws · No control over big companies · Governments are bought up · No surveillance(pollution) · Big cities
Parliament finally gave consent for the MBW to construct a massive system of sewers. The engineer put in charge of building the new system was Joseph Bazalgette. In what was one of the largest civil engineering projects of the 19th century, he oversaw construction of over 2100 km of tunnels and pipes under London to take away sewage and provide clean drinking water. When the London sewerage system was completed, the death toll in London dropped dramatically, and epidemics of cholera and other diseases were curtailed. Bazalgette's system is still in use today. As the capital of a massive empire, London became a magnet for immigrants from the colonies and poorer parts of Europe. A large Irish population settled in the city during the Victorian period, with many of the newcomers refugees from the Great Famine (1845-1849). At one point, Irish immigrants made up about 20% of London's population. London also became home
Vibrio - Fakult. Anaeroob + V. cholera - Fakult. Anaeroob + V. parahemolyticus - Fakult. Anaeroob + Foto N2 CO2 Patog Sporuleer Atsidoto
Bifidobakterid [hieroglüüfi moodi]) · · Batsillidel esinevad ainult ahelataolised agregaadid: 1. Streptobatsillid 2. Diplobatsillid · · Batsillide + ja · · · · · · · · · · · · · Pulkbaktereid: Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani Bacillus cereus Mycobacterium Bifidobakterid Spiraalsed bakterid: Jagatakse spiraali keerdude arvu järgi: 1. vibrioonideks (keerde 1-1,5) 2. spirillideks (keerde rohkem). Vibrioonid: koolera- vibrio cholera Desulfovibrio- võib agregeeruda 3-6 rakust koosnevaks ketiks. ( kui keskkonnas on hapnikku, siis rakud kogunevad mikrokolooniateks, kus lima takistab hapniku difusiooni rakuni. ) Spirillid: (kruvibakterid) Spiraalne kuju annab eelise liikumiseks vedelas keskkonnas. Helicobacter pylori (elab maos ja põhjustab maohaavandite teket) Campylobacter jejuni Aquaspirillum (veebakter)[aeroobne] Spirillum volutans Spiroheedid ehk keeritsbakterid:
Immuunsüsteemi seisund 1.Omandatud immuunpuudulikkus 2.Haigusest põhjustatud (HIV, kasvajad) 3. Ravi ja ravimite kasutamise järgselt 4. Kaasasündinud immuundefitsiit teada, milline geenidefekt 5.CGD, Job sündroom, SCID (severe congenital immunodeficiency) Vanus - elanikkonna vanuse kasvades vastuvõtlikus nakkustele suureneb Elukeskkond (arengu vs arenenud riigid, TBC, malaaria) Veel mõned mõisted Tõelised patogeenid 1.Ei kuulu normaalse mikrofloora hulka (Shigella spp., Vibrio cholera) 2.Sageli tüüpiline kliiniline pilt Oportunistlikud e. tinglikud patogeenid 1.Immunokompetentse inimese normaalne mikrofloora 2.Näiteks AIDS-le omased haigused 3.Sageli puudub tüüpiline kliiniline pilt Keskkonnatekkeline (kommuunitekkene) infektsioon väljapool haiglat. Hospitaalinfektsioon ehk haiglasisene nakkus - tervishoiu asutusega seotud infektsioon Hospitaalinfektsioon ehk nosokomiaalne infektsioon ehk tervishoiu asutusega seotud infektsioon Uus infektsioonhaigus, mis
,,1919" study of American society during the WWI. It's tone is sharper, represents the obscenety of war. We get a glimpse of war thorugh camera eye. John Reed-famous american journalist who travels to Moscow, he is fascinated by the revolution, writes a famous book about it. Only american who is buried in the Kreml, the communist's loved him. Novel describes the horrors of war, lice, starvation, bed bugs, machine fire and two horrible deseases-typhus and cholera. Ambulance corps, gets a high position in there, makes a huge profit out of war while other people suffer. ,,Big Money" shows the development of American society after the war. The tone here is much more optimistic. The war is over but people are not happy, the central figure is Charlie Anderson, who comes back from war as an aviation ace. Very good pilot, has killed many enemies. He starts aviation company and suddenly becomes rich but doesn't know what to do with his money
tekivat perioodiliselt ebatervislikus keskkonnas. Alles 1860. aastaiks aktepteeris ta mõtet, et mikroorganismidel peab olema oma kohta kõnesoleva nakkushaiguse levitamisel. Farri kõrval tegelesid epidemioloogia küsimustega inglismaal William Budd (1811-1880) ja John Snow (1813-1858). Viimane sai kuulsaks oma uurimusega koolera levikust aastal 1854 (vt edaspidi siin ptk-s). Koolerast sai oluline märksõna, nt loodi Inglismaal 1850. aastal The Asiatic Cholera Society, millest ajapikkum kujunes Epidemiological Society. Tehtava töö käigus sai siiski üha selgemaks, et pelgalt statistiliste uuringute kaudu ei ole võimalik nakkushaiguste olemusse tungida, vaja oli teooriat, mida praegu tunneme bakterioloogia (germ theory) nime all (vt ka ptk 11). 20. sajandil hakkas epidemioloogia oma tähelepanu nakkushaigustelt (mida üha enam kontrollida suudeti) ka muudele haiguste ja tervishoiuga seotud statistilistele arengutele suunama
botulinum and treatments. The toxin Aeromonas hydrophila Clostridium sporogenes result in a thermo- is heat sensitive; Escherichia coli 0157:H7 stable food, with considerably long shelf and C. botulinum (proteolytic types A, B, F, life and without the need of other preserva- and nonproteolytic types B, E, F) toxins are tion processing. Inactivation of either patho- medium heat resistant; Vibrio sp. (V. cholera gen or spoilage-causing microorganisms is and V. parahaemolyticus) and Staphyloccocus calculated by the heat penetration rate. aureus toxins are highly heat resistant. Vegetative cells are destroyed at tempera- tures slightly higher than optimum growth temperatures, whereas spores can survive at Microbial and Enzyme Destruction
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