The 17th century In England 17th century was a time of political and religious turmoil. It is known as a struggle between Parliament and the throne. 1625 came to rule Charles I, who was proved to be politically stubborn. In 1642 civil war broke out between the Cavaliers and the Roundheads. Oliver Cromwell was a puritan who brought the Roundheads to the victory and temporarily ended the monarchy in 1649. Charles I was beheaded. Oliver Cromwell ruled England for 9 violent years. The return of the oldest son of Charles I in 1660 is called the Restoration. In 1660 the Royal Society of London was established to promote scientific research. In 1688 the Glorious Revolution was without bloodshed or violence. The 1689 Bill of Rights limited monarch's powers
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In 1638 he aced the rebel Scottish army. As a result he had no support from Parliament, had an inexperienced army and had to accept a law that declared that Parliament has to meet every three years. In 1641 Ireland rebelled against Protestants in Ullster. 1642 Charles attempted to arrest 5 Mps and was banned by the mayor of London from London. Charlie went to Nottingham and raised an amy there. This is considered the beginning of the Civil War. Cavaliers were supporters of the king. Most of them were rom the House of Lords, some Mps, controlled the North and the West. The Roundheads sided with the Parliament, their leader was Oliver Cromwell. Puritans and the Parliament. They controlled London, East Anglia and the Southeast. By 1645 Charles ran out of money and his army deserted. He was defeated at the battle of Naseby, captured and imprisoned. It took them four years to decide what to do with them. They decided to behead him in 1649.
Much of poetry light in style, on secular subjects. Most were courtiers (except Herrick). English country life, rural country estate – man made paradise, arcadia, ancient hospitality. Poets spoke with the voice of celebrating the king and queen. King and court retreated into a self-perpetuating arcadia of their own. Civil War. Sense that past would never return. 1640s. Metaphysical poets were fond of imagery difficult to understand and complicated metaphors, Cavaliers preferred more straightforward expression. Valued elegance, were part of refined, courtly culture, but poetry often frankly erotic. Short lyric poem, favourite theme carpe diem. Very decent, like Charles’s court. Characteristic to Charles I’s court Carew: Sir John Suckling: The Constant Lover Richard Lovelace: celebrates the beauties of heroine, but against very different background. To Althea, from Prison: Song; The Grasshopper: To My Noble Friend, Mr Charles Cotton: Ode
Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory. The Civil War led to the execution of Charles I, the exile of his son, Charles II, and replacement of English monarchy with first, the Commonwealth of England and then with a Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell's personal rule. *The Cavaliers (In Italian: knights) They were long-haired members of the loyalist country gentry who fought for the King Charles I and later supported the Tory party. They came from among the old aristrocracy in the North and West, country squires, cathedral and small towns. They were all Roman Catholics and theire headquarters was at Oxford. Their cavalry was under the leadership of Prince Rupert. He was Charles's 22-year-old nephew of some military experience.
An armed conflict between English royalists and Parliamentary forces bc of constitutional, economic, religious differences between Charle I and Long Parliament. Oliver Cromwell refored parliamentary army The fall of the Oxford marked the end of the war. King escaped and surrended to the Scots at Newcastle. He was later handed over for a huge money. He was executed. The creation of Commonwealth, and the a protectorate under Oliver Cromwell The Cavaliers In Italian knights, were the long-haired member sof the loyalist counrty gentry who fought for King Charles I in 1642-52 Later they supported Tory party. Came fro among old aristocracy in the North and West, counrty squires, cathedral and small towns. All were Roman Catholics. Their headquarters was at Oxford. They had regular cavalry under Prince Rupert- kings nephew of some military experience. The Roundheads
anglikaani riigikiriku kohandamist kalvinistidele (puritaanidele) vastuvõetavamaks. Ühtlasi nõuti, et piiskopid heidetaks parlamendi ülemkojast välja. Nimetatud nõudmisi ei võetud parlamendis 22. novembril 1641 enam vastu üksmeeles, vaid napi üheteistkümne enamushäälega (159:148). Kuningas lükkas remonstrantsi tagasi, süüdistades viit parlamendiliiget reetmises. Ilmunud 4. jaanuaril 1642 ihukaitsjatest (cavaliers) saadetuna parlamenti süüdistatavaid kinni võtma, pidi Charles I tõdema, et „linnukesed on ära lennanud” – birds are flown. Võimalust teostada absolutistlik riigipööre ja parlament laiali saata kuningas ei kasutanud. Kuus päeva hiljem põgenes Charles I Londonist. Septembris 1642 viis parlamendi ja kuninga vastasseis kodusõjani. Parlamenti toetas pealinn ja riigi kaguosa, kuninga toetajaskond koondus Põhja- ja Lääne-Inglismaale
militaarvõimu piiramist, valitsuse allutamist parlamendi kontrollile, aga ka anglikaani riigikiriku ümberkohandamist kalvinistidele (puritaanidele) vastuvõetavamaks. Ühtlasi nõuti, et piiskopid heidetaks parlamendi ülemkojast välja. Nimetatud nõudmisi ei võetud parlamendis 22. novembril 1641 enam vastu üksmeeles vaid napi 11 enamushäälega (159:148). Kuningas lükkas remonstrantsi tagasi, süüdistades viit parlamendiliiget reetmises. Ilmunud 4. jaanuaril 1642 oma ihukaitsjatest (cavaliers) saadetuna parlamenti süüdistatavaid kinni võtma, pidi Charles I tõdema, et ,,linnukesed on ära lennanud" birds are flown. Võimalust teostada absolutistlik riigipööre ja parlament laiali saata, kuningas ei kasutanud. Kuus päeva hiljem põgenes Charles I Londonist. Septembris 1642 viis parlamendi ja kuninga vastasseis kodusõjani. Parlamenti toetas pealinn ja riigi kaguosa, kuninga toetajaskond koondus Põhja-ja Lääne-Inglismaale. Rojalistide katse vallutada London ebaõnnestus
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