optimistlikku suhtumist inimese tulevikuväljavaadetesse - Inimese-seisundi, igavikulisuse saavutamisse. Küllap tunneb eesti lugeja R. Tagore'i kõige paremini tema luulekogu "Gitandzali" põhjal. Kui see luulekogu esmakordselt 1913.a. inglisekeelsena R. Tagore'i enda tõlkes ilmus, siis sai autor tohutu tunnustuse osaliseks nii Euroopas kui Ameerikas, mille loomulikuks tulemuseks oli talle samal aastal Nobeli kirjanduspreemia omistamine. Käesolev raamat aga, 1921.a. ilmunud "Thought Relics", mis nüüd jõuab eestikeelsena meie lugeja lauale, koosneb kaunitest mõttepiltidest. Nendesse süüvimine aitab meil paremini mõista elu, iseennast ja meis peituvaid võimalusi edasiminekuks tõe ja õigluse teel.
Famous for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture. It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 A.D. on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site. It was designed by two architects. Church contained a large collection of holy relics and featured, among other things, a 50 foot (15 m) silver iconostasis. It was the patriarchal church of the Patriarch of Constantinople and the religious focal point of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly 1000 years. In 1453 Sultan Mehmed II ordered the building to be converted into a mosque. The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed, and many of the mosaics were eventually plastered over. The Islamic features -- such as the mihrab, the minbar, and the
were not paying so much attention on simpler people (for example workers) but that was a mistake because there were many bright persons there. They just were not noticed because they weren't born to a higher class. People thought that only the warriors were smart and worthy to be paid attention to. One of the pilgrims was a pardoner. He was described as a dishonest and voracious man. He had blonde hair and he did everything to get money. He carried false relics and with these he made a lot of money. But he called himself a pardoner and I think that he thought what he did was right. (But hood, for jolitee, wered he noon,For it was trussed up in his walet.Hym thoughte he rood al of the newe jet.) He did not wear his hat, which had the symbol of Christ on it, he had it hidden in his wallet because he wanted to be modern. That way Chaucer made fun of the pardoners and the Church, because in my
of having a family tomb in the church, But these did not suffice to sustain all those whom the monastery housed. The friars, in consequence, becaipe farmers and fish-mongers. In addition they ran a brewery, which produced four different kinds of beer. In northern Europe beer occupied the place enjoyed by wine in the south, and was a staple element of both the monastic and secular diet. The monastery also drew profit from the veneration of relics. Many documents mention twelve silver reliquaries containing the heads of saints. Some reposed on the high altar whereas others were enshrined on side altars. Each `head was reputed to cure a different set of diseases. In 1517 the Reformation started in German and very quickly spread into the Baltic states. The loyalty of the friars to Rome made them immediate victims. In 1523 a Lutheran mob burnt down the Franciscan monastery in Kuramaa. The Dominican monastery in Tallinn
· As a writer he was very prolific · His early works show a strong influence of French and Italian poets, especially the great Italian Renaissance geniuses Boccaccio, Dante, Petrarch · His masterpiece "The Canterbury Tales": o He imitates what Boccaccio does in Decameron. Introduces frame story/narrative. A springtime pilgrimage to Canterbury cathedral (which contained the important relics of St Thomas à Becket). Pilgrims would gather in groups because it was easier to protect themselves. The protagonists gather at an inn and wait for others. GC chooses people from the three major classes of the society: feudal the Knight, the Squire (a smaller landowner), the Yeoman (farmer), the Miller, the Ploughman etc; ecclesiastical the Parson (a
qualified for his position. He spouts the few words of Latin he knows in an attempt to sound educated. The Pardoner (est: INDULGENTSIMÜÜJA): Describe his personality and looks? How did he make his money? How religious was he? Pardoners granted papal indulgences--reprieves from penance in exchange for charitable donations to the Church. Many pardoners, including this one, collected profits for themselves. In fact, Chaucer's Pardoner excels in fraud, carrying a bag full of fake relics--for example, he claims to have the veil of the Virgin Mary. The Pardoner has long, greasy, yellow hair and is beardless. These characteristics were associated with shiftiness and gender ambiguity in Chaucer's time. The Pardoner also has a gift for singing and preaching whenever he finds himself inside a church. What is the proposition of the innkeeper? The leader of the group, the Host is large, loud, and merry, although he possesses a quick temper. He mediates
The Romans. They burnt Londinium to the ground but Roman armies eventually defeated Boudicca. The city was rebuilt and was gradually surrounded with a wall of stone and brick which lasted for many centuries. During the archeological excavations in 1954 the Roman Temple of Mithras was revealed. It was a pagan temple dedicated to the Persian Sun-god. The Temple was later reconstructed only a short way from its original site and the relics are displayed in the Museum of London in the Barbican. At the end of the fourth century AD the Roman Empire began to crumble and the Roman armies were recalled from Britain to defend Rome itself. Once they had left Anglo-Saxons invaded and settled in Britain. They were farming people who preffered to live outside towns. For a while London probably lay in ruins, but it eventually developed again, partly because of its position on the river was good for trading. The Tower of London
skilful shipbuilders. They were not very different from the Anglo-Saxons. They had adopted their town. Many Scandinavian words came into the English language (happy, ugly, ill, weak etc.) The Saxons' Golden Age started when Athelstan (Alfred's grandson, Edward's son), won a great victory in 937 against an army of Irish Vikings, Scots & Stathclyde Britons. Athelstan was interested in good government. He ordered on coinage to be used throughout the land. The king was a collector of art & holy relics. After his death his successors, Edmund & Eadred, had to fight new Viking raiders. England was not at peace again until Edgar became king of Wessex in 959. With his death in 975 the golden age ended. At the end of the 10th cent. the Danish invasions were resumed. Ethelred II, the Unready, who had come to the throne in AD 978, brought in a tax called Danegeld to keep the Danes out. It was the beginning of a regular tax system. A new round of Danish invasion came at the beginning of the 11th cent
were blown far westward off their course and sighted the coast of what must have been Labrador. The report of forested areas on the strange new coast encouraged further explorations by Norse colonists from Greenland, whose settlements lacked lumber. In Anno Domini 1000 Leif Ericson became the first European to land in North America. A colony was established in what the Vikings described as Vinland. Discoveries of "Norse" relics in that area have been exposed by scholars as hoaxes. The Greenland colony died out during the 14th and 15th centuries, and the Norse adventures in Canada must have come to an end well before that time. The first permanent European settlements were established by the French king Louis XIV, who made a deal with a fur trading company so that only they would be allowed to trade beaver pelts, which were in fashion that time and they would settle
It was named after St. Nicholas, the patron saint of merchants and seafarers. After the big fire of 1433 the church was rebuilt with proper splendour. The spire dates from the 16th century. During the Reformation in 1524 many valuable works of art were distroyed in Tallinn. The locks on the doors of Niguliste Church had been poured full of melted lead, and so it was the only church where the masterpieces of the 14th and 15th century stonecarving, woodcarving and painting survived. Most of the relics were distroyed in the Soviet air-raid on March 9, 1944. The restoration took place from 1953 to 1984. Now the church is a concert hall and the Museum of Medieval Art. St Olaf's Church , a 3-nave Gothic basilica, was first mentioned in chronicles in 1267. It was known for its soaring spire, which also served as a lighthouse for ships, being probably one of the tallest buildings in the world at the time. The spire has been struck by lightning many times
traditsiooniline ja kaasaegne linn. 20 Cordoba on turistide seas kõige populaarsem koht kõigis Hispaania linnades seetõttu, et sellel on ajalooline ja kultuuriline pärand. Cordobas sündisid ja elasid hiljem ka väga targad ja mõjukad inimesed nt: filosoof Seneca, luuletaja Lucan. Cordobasse minna, siis tasub külastada sealseid kirikuid ( Jesuit Relics ), katedraale, paleesid ( Vian palee ) ja parke ( Quebrada del CONDORITO rahvuspark ) jne. Muidugi pakub Cordoba äärealadel asub ka mitmeid turismitalusid, mis pakuvad turistidele igasuguseid puhkuspakette. Näiteks kuidas sealsed inimesed elavad, mida söövad ning turistid saavad kõik selle läbi elada. Seal asuvad ka traditsioonilised kõrtsid, kus sealsed elanikud õhtuti koos käivad. PATAGOONIA Hõlmab provintsides Rio Negro, Neuquen, Chubut ja Santa Cruz. Patagoonia
canyons, deserts, caves and river gorges. Nowadays, however, primitive rock art in the United States has become a new field of scientific study. Klaus F Wellmann wrote two books about rock art. He is a professor of medicine. Rock art represents the history of aboriginal Americans. In the most cases the art is an expression of ideas and way of life, ritual ceremonies, hunting, fighting. The pictures of people and animals are often strikingly lifelike and artistic. Many of these ancient relics have been destroyed by the ravages of nature and of man. Wind and water have worn away and continue to wear away, unprotected sites. And the paintings and carvings are increaslibly falling victim to vandalism: they have been painted over, spoilt with knives, even used for target practice. The American Rock Art Research Association protects rock-art sites. 2) THE FAVOURITE SPORT IN BRITAIN The most popular sport is probably football. Two kinds of football is played in Great Britain
All dialects also divided in two main chronological categories: the dialects of primary formation (the territory of the Eastern Rus' or Muscovy, roughly consists of the modern Central and Northwestern Federal districts); and secondary formation (other territory). Dialectology within Russia recognizes dozens of smaller-scale variants. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary and grammar. Some of these are relics of ancient usage now completely discarded by the standard language. The Northern Russian dialects and those spoken along the Volga River typically pronounce unstressed /o/ clearly, a phenomenon called okanye (). Besides the absence of vowel reduction, some dialects have high or diphthongal /ei/ in the place of Proto-Slavic * and /ou/ in stressed closed syllables (as in Ukrainian) instead of Standard Russian /e/ and /o/
that serves several important story functions. First, by using actual documentary 237 T H E W R I T E R ' S JOURNEY ~ T H I R D EDITION Christopher Vogler footage of the Titanic wreck on the bottom of the sea, it reminds us that this is more than a made-up story — it's a dramatization of a real event. T h e wreck of the ship and the mournful, homely relics of its human passengers bring out one of the most powerful elements in the production — that this could happen, this did happen, and it happened to people like us. S e c o n d , by i n t r o d u c i n g the character o f O l d Rose, the bookend device connects this story o f another time w i t h our own day, and reminds us that the T i t a n i c disaster was not so long ago, w i t h i n the span o f one h u m a n life. O l d
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