Grammatical archaisms are outdated gr endings(nt, thou knowest- you know). Althouhs arch words are not used widely, they may be used for the sake of humour or irony. Historisms are words that stand for objects that have dissapeared(nt, 3 names of wapons: sword-mõõk, coat of mail-soomusrüü; names of musical instruments: loot-lauto, lyra-lüüra). New words include neologisms and nonce words: neologisms are words that appear to satisfy the needs of society. They stand for new things and concepts that appear due to the development of science and thought. (nt, lasor, computer, nuclear physics, high-fi). *affixation-jawnee, deadee(surnu portree), to criminalise *composition- vanity-surgery, idiot box *conversion-to time-table, to beaver *back formation- to sight see, to play act *abbreviation- marvy-marvellous
from the Victorian and Edwardian eras: beastly (as in 'so beastly critical') blest, deuced (if I know) guv’nor luncheon spiffing 20th-Century Archaisms "Among the technological archaisms I've had to explain to the Tuned In children--what a 'record' is, why they call it 'dialing' a phone, the fact that, once, you couldn't rewind TV shows--is the fact that, a long time ago, musicians used to make little movies of their songs, and people would watch them on TV." 17. Neologisms A neologism is a newly coined word or term which has emerged into everyday usage. Some neologisms are formally accepted into mainstream language (at which point, they cease to be neologisms), and some wither until they can longer be considered everyday terms. A neologism can be: A completely new word (e.g., oversharers) A new combination of existing words (e.g., digital detox) A new meaning for an existing word (e.g., sick) Examples of Neologisms
Rosmarine- rosemary, somblind- sand-blind. The second thing is when people themselves have made the word up- changed the grammar throughtout time- naperon became apron, nadre-addre. 6) Archaism Is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current, many nursery rhymes conatin archaisms. Archaic elements that occur only in certain fixed expressions are not considered to be archaisms- be that, as it may. For exsample lyre- music instruments 7) Neologisms A word or a sense of a word, on the coining or use of new words and sense. (a word that is not yet in the dictionary). Soccer-mom, botox, speed-dating, fashionista 8) Word formation by the means of affixation. A prefix- is an element placed in the beginnig of the word to adjust or to qualifiy its meaning. A suffix- is an element placed in the end of the word to form a derviative such as ing and fy.
Rosmarine- rosemary, somblind- sand-blind. 2 - when people themselves have made the word up- changed the grammar through time- naperon became apron, nadre-adder. Archaisms Is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current, many nursery rhymes contain archaisms. Archaic elements that occur only in certain fixed expressions are not considered to be archaisms - be that as it may. For example lyre- music instruments Neologisms A new word, expression, or usage (a word that is not yet in the dictionary). Soccer-mom, botox, speed-dating, fashionista Affixation The adding of a grammatical element that is an integral part of a word, but is not the main meaning-bearing part (known as the `root'). The -ed of walked and the dis- of dislike are examples. Prefixes an element placed in the beginning of the word to adjust or to qualify its meaning. (Become, forget, within, dismiss)
f) in poetry theses words are employed just because they sound more elevated. 4. Poetic diction w-s traditionally used in poetry and they overlap with archaic w-s (e.g. steed horse, hapless unhappy). Their function is: a) to uphold () lofty () poetic overtones, when they are used in poetry b) in prose or in trivial conversation the result is irony, humour, or satire c) these words may suggest the character's education or social status. 5. Neologisms and nonce words neologisms are bookish words as they appear but soon become just ordinary (e.g. computer, shuttle). Nonce words are less bookish but because they are unexpected they are very expressive (are usually coined by author) (e.g. creaturehood, betweennes,) 13. SPECIAL COLLOQUIAL VOCABULARY Special colloquial vocabulary falls into several groups: 1. Slang belongs to low colloquial vocabulary
the latter, there must be at least two key elements present to formally distinguish an actual anti- pattern from a simple bad habit, bad practice, or bad idea: · Some repeated pattern of action, process or structure that initially appears to be beneficial, but ultimately produces more bad consequences than beneficial results, and · A refactored solution that is clearly documented, proven in actual practice and repeatable. Often pejoratively named with clever oxymoronic neologisms, many anti-pattern ideas amount to little more than mistakes, rants, unsolvable problems, or bad practices to be avoided if possible. Sometimes called pitfalls or dark patterns, this informal use of the term has come to refer to classes of commonly reinvented bad solutions to problems. Thus, many candidate anti-patterns under debate would not be formally considered anti-patterns. By formally describing repeated mistakes, one can recognize the forces that lead to their repetition
Voc. Monotonous rhythm Syntactic Terms Jerky rhythm Phrase Barbarisms / Alternating rhythm Sentence foreign w. Rambling rhythm Metaphorical Archaic w. Grading rhythm Transferred Poetic diction Oxymoron Neologisms Functional styles / registers Hyperbole STYLE AND STYLISTICS FGI 1081 Stylistics (I. Ladusseva) 2 The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. The precise
o Foreign words Cucaracha – cockroach o One part of the word becoming obsolete Isle-land – island Samblind – sandblind 15. Archaisms Use of a form of speech or writing which is no longer current or that is currently only within a few specific contexts. Form or use of a form which is obsolete or recognizably belongs to an older state of a language. (thou, thee, whence, whilst) 16. Neologisms Newly coined words or expressions, which are in the process of entering common use. o Selfie, fauxhawk, vape, Tebowing 17. Affixation Affixation is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base, which may be simple (as in full, the base to which –ness is attached to yield fullness), or complex (like meditate, the base to which pre- is attached to yield premeditate). Affixes can be bound before, inside and after the base of the word
· To stress the character's fondness of the past · To parody the historical novels, these words are used in exaggeration. · To bring humour and irony when used in everyday speech · To suggest the speech of a foreigner · To bring more elevated colouring to the poem Poetic vocabulary (diction) is a set of words that are traditionally used in poetry, they partly overlap with archaic words (hapless, naught--nothing, aught--anything.) The function is satire, irony, humour. Neologisms are highly bookish until they become ordinary words in time (Bushes-- mistakes) Nonce words are less literary because they are unexpected and very expressive (sleepable pillow, walkable, oneness--feeling of belonging together) 13. Special colloquial vocabulary Slang consists of very colorful units belonging to low colloquial speech. They are coined and used by people to show that they are one of the gang. Slang is used as a protest
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