until it was taken of by the Irish Free State in 1922. Highlights include the 13th-century record tower, the largest visible fragment of the original Norman castle and the State Apartments, once the residence of English viceroys and now the focal point for government ceremonial functions, including the inauguration of Ireland's presidents. Blarney Blarney, known as 'the biggest little village in Ireland', is one of Ireland's most picturesque villages. Set in beautiful wooded countryside, just 8km (5 miles) from Cork City, it is an ideal base to visit the many wonderful sights of Cork and Kerry. NORTHEN IRELAND Capital: Belfast Flag: Area: 5,345 sq mi (13,843 km2) Location:
White Cart Water.Crookston is surrounded by a defensive ring-ditch that dates back to the 12th century when Sir Robert de Croc, built a timber and earth castle. Remains of a chapel founded by de Croc in 1180 have been uncovered. Evidence of an even earlier fortification on the same site has also been found. The lands of Crookston were bought by Sir Alan Stewart in 1330, and passed to Sir John Stewart, 1st Lord Darnley, in 1361. The Darnley Stewarts replaced the early castle with the present stone structure around 1400.In 1489 the Stewart Earl of Lennox rebelled against James IV. James responded by bringing the cannon Mons Meg from Edinburgh, and bombarding the castle, virtually destroying its western end, and ensuring a quick surrender. In 1544 the castle was besieged and taken by the Earl of Arran and Cardinal Beaton, while the then Earl of Lennox was defending Glasgow Castle.Charles, the Earl of Lennox.The castle passed through several owners, until in 1757 it
· Weather unpredictable · Breathtaking scenery Scottish Industries · Traditional -coal mining, steel production, shipbuilding · Today offshore oli and gas, finacial services, high technology, fishing, forestry, whisky, tourism, computer production, HISTORY · Completely different from other countries · Resistance to foreign domination · The Celtic influence began in the 6th c., - Gaelic language · In 1296 William Wallace, started a war of independence · Sacred Scottish Stone of Destiny was taken from Scone · In 1314 Robert the Bruce defeated the English at Bannockburn · In 1503 James IV of Scotland hoped to gain independence for Scotland but wasn't successful · Mary Queen of Scots claimed the English throne of Elizabeth I · She wanted to see the end of Protestantism but lost her Scottish throne · She was executed for treason in 1587 · In the 16th c. many Scots joined the Presbyterian church
into the enemy’s kitchen. The walls are 4 m thick, can see the cannons stuck in there. Tallinn City Museum. ● Town Wall (Unesco) - one of the greatest towers of Tallinn’s Town Wall, Old Town declared the UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997 Toompea ● Toompea is a limestone hill in the central of Tallinn. It towers about 30-40 metres above the surrounding areas. According to the legend, its the tumulus moundn over the grave of the national hero Kalev, erected stone by stone by his grieving wife Linda. While we don’t want to question this wonderful theory, there is an alternative version which says that Toompea is just a naturally formed limestone hill. ● It’s the birthplace of Tallinn - in 1229, the Knights of the Sword built a fortress - Toompea castle. It’s the most potent symbols of the reigning power. Today it’s the seat of the Government of Estonia as well as the Riigikogu.
5) *[suddenly] became extinct in the 18th century. 6) *[listens] became extinct in the 18th century. a) The man loved peanut butter cookies. b) The puppy loved peanut butter cookies. c) The king loved peanut butter cookies. d) *The green loved peanut butter cookies. e) *The in loved peanut butter cookies. f) *The sing loved peanut butter cookies. a) [John] went to the store. b) [The man] went to the store. c) *[Quickly walks] went to the store. d) [Norvel] kissed the blarney stone. e) *[To the washroom] kissed the blarney stone. Diagnostics for sentence structure: substitution test, movement tests, It-clefts If you can replace a string of words by a pronoun, this string must be an NP / constituent a. Mary saw [the man who fed the dog] b. Mary saw him. c. * Mary saw him who fed the dog. d. Mary saw [the man] while he fed the dog. e. Mary saw him while he fed the dog. Topicalisation- a group of words which can move to another position in a
TOOMPEA Toompea (from German Domberg – Cathedral Hill ) is a limestone hill with an area of about 7 hectares in the central part of Tallinn. It towers about 30-40 m above the surrounding areas. According to the legend it´s the tumulus mound over the grave of the national hero Kalev, erected stone by stone in his memory by his grieving wife Linda. It is the birthplace of Tallinn - a place where in 1229 the Knights of the Sword built a fortress instead of the wooden Estonian stronghold. Toompea Castle is also one of the most potent symbols of the reigning power. Today Toompea is the seat of the Government of Estonia as well as the Riigikogu, both of which are often simply colloquially referred to as Toompea. For centuries there was only one access to Toompea - Pikk Jalg - but there is also
Norman period( Medieval London) 1066 In 1066 in the Battle of Hastings the Normans were victorious and William was crowned King. William granted the citizens of London special privileges, but he also built a castle in the southeast corner of the city to keep them under control. This castle was expanded by later kings until it became the complex we now call the Tower of London. The Tower acted as royal residence, and it was not until later that it became famous as a prison. In 1176 the first stone London Bridge was built. This bridge was to remain the only one in London until 1739. Because the passage across this one bridge was narrow and clogged with traffic, it was much quicker for travellers to hire boatmen to row them across the river, or transport them up or down river. In 1191 Richard I acknowledged the right of London to self-government, and in 1192 the election of the first Mayor was held. In 1245 Henry III began his lifetime work of rebuilding Westminster Abbey, which was re-
The small pillory (for smaller criminals) was fixed to the wall of the Town Hall. Both pillories were used when people were birched. The punishment was carried out by the hangman and his assistants and was considered a great shame and dishonour. The pillories were still in use in the 19th century. 72 peasants who had taken part in the disturbances of Kose-Uuemõisa in 1806, were birched in the small pillory (a number of them were later sent to Siberia). A round stone slab in the square signifies the place of the pillory. Town Hall Square was not a place of execution, but there was one exception. At the end of the 17th century a priest, being drunk in a pub, had killed the maid in anger. After that he went to the Town Hall and confessed to the crime. Usually murderers were hanged on the Gallows Hill, but he was sentenced to honourable death by the hangman's sword, as he " had been affected ", when he committed the crime. The priest was beheaded in the square
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