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ESTONIAN EDUCATION POLICY. MAIN PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE 
SOLUTIONS   Hanna-Loora Bobrov Since I was a teenager, I remember thinking of the school education quality. How to improve  it, where teacher could be more efficient and how to make a better environment for the  pupils. And now all these years later I am a young teacher and it is still important for me what is going on within my society in education. I believe I have some kind of advance of knowing what is really going on in Estonian schools and how the education policy really works.  Because not long ago I finished the high school, before that changing a lot of different  schools and I think I can say that I superficially know how different schools are working in  various regions of Estonia. Being a student at the faculty of education has opened my eyes for a lot of different things,  perspectives and helped a lot to understand deeper, why things are like they are. We even had a subject specifically about Education policy on Estonia, Estonian learning strategy for 2020- 2035, where we had to work all that document through. That’s why almost all of my thoughts and argumentation is based on the strategy of Estonian Ministry of Education and Research.  Education policy is part of national policy.  In the most general sense, national education policy determines the obligation and opportunities for education in society now and in the future. (Naulainen, 2010) The role of education policy is very important in society, because the state works based on the level of education and skills of the people. The education policy of   a   sustainable   state   takes   into   account   the   interests   of   the   state,   social   groups   and individuals, while the socialization of an individual is considered to be a common interest of the citizen and the state. (Haridus ja Teadusministeerium, 2020) It is important for education policy to distinguish between access to education and access to education. Access means learning opportunities, access to a specialty, and the availability of money to live and pay for tuition fees, as in many countries, for example, higher education is paid for.  1


What  the   national  education   system   is  and  how  it  is  managed   depends  on  the  ideology already   embraced   by   society   and   the   ability   to   make   professional   (informed)   decisions. (Pelisaar, Läänemets, 2008) In my opinion main education problems or reason for change in Estonia   are  compulsory   education  vs.  voluntary   education,  school   governance   problems, decline in the popularity of the teaching profession, dropouts from schools, development of rational thinking, integrated active learning  vs.   passive learning methods, competitiveness- logically in a small country there are less people than in big country. That means- more people,  less  spots  for  university   grants  and  that  means   high  competitiveness.   In  Estonia almost everyone can go to the university, and that’s bad, that’s why we procrastinate, because there is with each year less and less higher standards, less competitiveness within students and that is bad for the future. Because where will the next generation get better workers, better teachers and doctors if the competition in the study fields is almost non-existent. Also, educational problems are lifelong learning, adapting to changes in today’s market. I believe that   Estonia   needs   systematic   and   professional   in-depth   research   to   solve   educational problems. Of course, almost all countries need that, some more some less. World is evolving so quickly that all the schooling, medical, technical systems are in need of desperate changes. Thanks   to   previous   strategy   Estonian   government   has   managed   to   establish   some   major changes. These are for example equal education opportunities. The Estonian Parliament has adopted its 50 strategies, one of the most important ones is "Sustainable Estonia 21", which also   interacts   with   education.   There   is   a  higher   education   strategy   in  Estonia,   a   general education strategy, and the principles that are timeless and which can accommodate many different systems, long and short time frames are important. For example, the principle of equal educational opportunities, which is taking a number of important steps, after which there is still an endless path to go. (Haridus ja Teadusministeerium, 2020) We have early childhood education.  Thanks to the new European education policy, where more and more focus and attention is on the lower levels of education. This would be the most effective  strategic direction for the development  of  Estonian education, the fruits of which   would   be   revealed   in  the   fastest,   cheapest   and   most   durable   way.   (Haridus   ja Teadusministeerium, 2020) Education, like defense, is an area of strategic action on which the survival of the people and the state depends.  Curriculum and  process.  The share of real and natural science subjects is increasing, the freedom of choice for students in upper secondary school curricula is increased, schools are 2


subject to standard requirements for an updated learning environment and teaching tools, with   which   municipalities   bring   the   equipment   and   technical   equipment   into   line   with schools. Quality of education in higher education, attention is increased to the quality of education. (Haridus ja Teadusministeerium, 2020) Curriculum and  process.  The share of real and natural science subjects is increasing, the freedom of choice for students in upper secondary school curricula is increased, schools are subject to standard requirements for an updated learning environment and teaching tools, with   which   municipalities   bring   the   equipment   and   technical   equipment   into   line   with schools. Quality of education in higher education, attention is increased to the quality of education. (Haridus ja Teadusministeerium, 2020) EDUCATIONAL POLICY ASPECTS In Estonia, it is necessary to decide which social development education should support. Do we want to see social mobility within society, or do we want to direct mobility and labour migration  out  of  Estonia  with  our policies?  (Pelisaar,   Läänemets,   2008) Is  it  considered necessary for different generations to have the opportunity to contribute to the development of society and for Estonian human resources to find the optimal application? If the state wants it, what opportunities will it create? From a position of power, systems can be managed and managed, but not managed and developed. The concept of education policy is a document aimed at a high degree of generalization and focused   on   a   long   period   of   time   (20-30   years)   which   provides   the   basis   for   achieving shorter-term   educational   policy   agreements   in   society   and   in   the   country.   A   national education program was to be developed as a means of realizing the educational concept over a shorter time interval (5-10 years). This program determines what activities are necessary to achieve the educational objectives of the state, when something is started and terminated, how material and spiritual resources are used, and who is in charge and responsible for the implementation of the program. (Pelisaar, Läänemets, 2008) 3


THE PROBLEMS IN THE NEW STRATEGY The new strategy is already written on paper, but the question is, will they this time actually solve the problems and find new solutions? Almost a third of the Estonian working age population lacks minimal digital skills and the ICT skills needed for work are insufficient. (Haridus ja Teadusministeerium, 2020) One of the biggest problems is especially with so say older generations teachers. Who are teaching in the schools last 15 or even more years, and have the old system in their blood. And also, no big knowledge of how to use the internet, for example zoom or Microsoft and other platforms. Even in the university these days we have a lot of so say dinosaurs, who don’t know how to put a grade in the system, or make a power point presentation. You ask how are those things happening, well I don’t know. It’s really sad.  Also, I feel that in our society we have a common attitude that learning is for young people. In addition to the limited financial opportunities, self-improvement is also hampered by a lack of interest and motivation among adults. And the profession of teacher is not attractive: the proportion of young and male teachers and the competition for teacher training curricula is small, the teacher studied does not go to school. When I started studying to be a teacher, we had the greatest number of students for the last 7 years, it was around 109 people. Now this year it was something around 87 people. The situation is getting worse each year. Problems that the new strategy acknowledges are next. First one the theoretically accepted and validated approach to learning, the valuing of the different types of talents of learners and the sighting of special needs have not become an integral part of the learning process. Second one dropout (especially among males) are high at all levels and types of education. Thirdly we have big problems with established attitudes in society lead learners to choose 'specialties for women and men', which increases gender segregation in the labour market.  Fourth one nearly   a   third   of   the   Estonian   working   age   population   is   not   professionally   trained,   the participation   of   low-skilled   people   in   lifelong   learning   is   low.   (Haridus   ja Teadusministeerium, 2020) Fifth one and in my opinion if not the biggest one is that the differences  between  what is available  in the framework of lifelong learning  and what is needed in the labour market are too great. Educational institutions and the world of work do not  actively  cooperate  in the  development  of a  lifelong  learning  system.  Sixth  Learners' access to digital  infrastructure and digital  learning resources are incomplete  and uneven. 4


Seventh information on labour market and economic developments is not systematic and career guidance services are of uneven quality and availability.  Eighth is  the shift to mass higher education has led to a reduction in demand. Estonian youth with higher education has lower problem-solving skills compared to other countries. International mobility of students and   lecturers   is   low.  And   ninth   is   that  primary   schools   with   Russian   language   do   not guarantee good Estonian language skills for all, and the basic skills of learners are weaker by the   end   of   the   basic   school   year   than   in   schools   with   Estonian   language.   (Haridus   ja Teadusministeerium, 2020) NEW STRATEGY What   I   have   learned   from   my   course   “Studies   and   career   opportunities   in   the   field   of education” in the university is that in its easy to draw up on a paper, a strong strategy on how to ensure and build up a better educational system. Much harder is in real life to make these things really happen. Maybe the new government is capable of that. I would like to give some examples with what the new 2020-2035 Estonian strategic measures that should take place next 15 year are next. Firstly, every student in general education, vocational training and higher education shall be given access to modern digital infrastructure supporting learning. The ambitious goal is that the development of e-learning assets  and technological development will enable all pupils and teachers to use personal digital devices in daily learning alongside the school's digital infrastructure in the near future, and interoperable information systems and services at the level of state, local government and school will be available to each learner. (Praxis, CentAR, 2019) Secondly  graduates of a basic school with a language other than The Estonian language shall be   guaranteed   the   possibilities   for   acquiring   Estonian   language   skills   at   the   level   of   an independent   language   user   necessary   for   the   continuation   of   studies   in   upper  secondary schools and/or vocational educational institutions. (Praxis, CentAR, 2019) I think that is a really   good   point,   because   we   have   so   many   Russian   speaking   people,   that   need   more sufficient teaching and practice in order to learn and work in the industries they are interested in. Thirdly creating learning opportunities for adults to acquire and develop digital competences so that people can use digital tools to improve their quality of life and make their work more 5


productive; training institutions work with different partners. Forth is to create a big provision of information and advisory services like career information  and training, information on employment, unemployment and wages, career guidance to  develop informed choices. (Praxis, CentAR, 2019) And to help people to get more jobs, that  are in their study fields. Also,   in   my   opinion   we   as   a   young   and   evolving   country   should  change   of   valuation principles. I am not talking about taking 100% down of the 1-5 grading system. What I am thinking is that we see that this grading system is not suitable for every subject. And it has been so long since something changed. I would like in this aspect to be more like Finnish educational system. Where they almost don’t have any numeral gradings and have much higher exam scores. Secondly,  we should be launching programs for the popularization of the teaching profession to   make   the   teaching   profession   a   significant   choice   for   both   young   people   and   those considering  changing professions. Because there is such an enormous deficiency of good qualified teachers in Estonia, that so many schools are forced to accept people without any degree or previous experience and train them in school. Just to have some lessons covered. I don’t say its totally bad, because I have had good, amazing teachers. But there are a lot more bad cases, I was just lucky to experience that. Thirdly maybe improving the organization of traineeships. In order to ensure the quality of traineeships  arrangements.  (Praxis,   CentAR,   2019)  We   have   some   kind   of   a   central development   programs   that   is   established   which   provides   methodological   support   to vocational  training institutions, higher education institutions and employers, but I wouldn’t say that everybody gets the help or the information they need. Maybe because its still like a new area and the local news and newspapers don’t really talk about all the opportunities that are out there.  6


USED SOURCES 1. Haridus ja Teadusministeerium. (2020). Primary-, basic and secondary education.  Retrieved from https://www.hm.ee/et/tegevused/alus-pohi-ja-keskharidus 2. Pelisaar, K. & Läänemets, U. (2008). Education policy-what and to whom? Retrieved  from https://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/5_62008/9-11.pdf 3. Naulainen, M-M. (2010). Education policy. Retrieved from slideshare.net/madlimaria/ hariduspoliitika 4. Praxis. (2019), CentAR (2019). Pedagogy curriculum. Mid-term evaluation of the  lifelong learning strategy. [Course materials]. Tallinn: Institute of Educational 
Sciences, Tallinn University. 7

Document Outline

  • ESTONIAN EDUCATION POLICY. MAIN PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
  • EDUCATIONAL POLICY ASPECTS
  • THE PROBLEMS IN THE NEW STRATEGY
  • NEW STRATEGY
  • USED SOURCES
  • 1. Haridus ja Teadusministeerium. (2020). Primary-, basic and secondary education. Retrieved from https://www.hm.ee/et/tegevused/alus-pohi-ja-keskharidus
  • 2. Pelisaar, K. & Läänemets, U. (2008). Education policy-what and to whom? Retrieved from https://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/5_62008/9-11.pdf
  • 3. Naulainen, M-M. (2010). Education policy. Retrieved from slideshare.net/madlimaria/hariduspoliitika

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