ESTONIAN EDUCATION POLICY. MAIN PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE
SOLUTIONS
Hanna-Loora Bobrov
Since I was a teenager, I remember thinking of the school education quality. How to improve
it, where teacher could be more efficient and how to make a better environment for the
pupils. And now all these years later I am a young teacher and it is still important for me what
is going on within my society in education. I believe I have some kind of advance of knowing
what is really going on in Estonian schools and how the education policy really works.
Because not long ago I finished the high school, before that changing a lot of different
schools and I think I can say that I superficially know how different schools are working in
various regions of Estonia.
Being a student at the faculty of education has opened my eyes for a lot of different things,
perspectives and helped a lot to understand deeper, why things are like they are. We even had
a subject specifically about Education policy on Estonia, Estonian learning strategy for 2020-
2035, where we had to work all that document through. That’s why almost all of my thoughts
and argumentation is based on the strategy of Estonian Ministry of Education and Research.
Education policy is part of national policy. In the most general sense, national education
policy determines the obligation and opportunities for education in society now and in the
future. (Naulainen, 2010) The role of education policy is very important in society, because
the state works based on the level of education and skills of the people. The education policy
of a sustainable state takes into account the interests of the state, social groups and
individuals, while the socialization of an individual is considered to be a common interest of
the citizen and the state. (Haridus ja Teadusministeerium, 2020) It is important for education
policy to distinguish between access to education and access to education. Access means
learning opportunities, access to a specialty, and the availability of money to live and pay for
tuition fees, as in many countries, for example, higher education is paid for.
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What the national education system is and how it is managed depends on the ideology
already embraced by society and the ability to make professional (informed) decisions.
(Pelisaar, Läänemets, 2008) In my opinion main education problems or reason for change in
Estonia are compulsory education vs. voluntary education, school governance problems,
decline in the popularity of the teaching profession, dropouts from schools, development of
rational thinking, integrated active learning vs. passive learning methods, competitiveness-
logically in a small country there are less people than in big country. That means- more
people, less spots for university grants and that means high competitiveness. In Estonia
almost everyone can go to the university, and that’s bad, that’s why we procrastinate, because
there is with each year less and less higher standards, less competitiveness within students
and that is bad for the future. Because where will the next generation get better workers,
better teachers and doctors if the competition in the study fields is almost non-existent. Also,
educational problems are lifelong learning, adapting to changes in today’s market. I believe
that Estonia needs systematic and professional in-depth research to solve educational
problems. Of course, almost all countries need that, some more some less. World is evolving
so quickly that all the schooling, medical, technical systems are in need of desperate changes.
Thanks to previous strategy Estonian government has managed to establish some major
changes. These are for example equal education opportunities
. The Estonian Parliament has
adopted its 50 strategies, one of the most important ones is "Sustainable Estonia 21", which
also interacts with education. There is a higher education strategy in Estonia, a general
education strategy, and the principles that are timeless and which can accommodate many
different systems, long and short time frames are important. For example, the principle of
equal educational opportunities, which is taking a number of important steps, after which
there is still an endless path to go. (Haridus ja Teadusministeerium, 2020)
We have early childhood education. Thanks to the new European education policy, where
more and more focus and attention is on the lower levels of education. This would be the
most effective strategic direction for the development of Estonian education, the fruits of
which would be revealed in the fastest, cheapest and most durable way. (Haridus ja
Teadusministeerium, 2020) Education, like defense, is an area of strategic action on which
the survival of the people and the state depends.
Curriculum and process. The share of real and natural science subjects is increasing, the
freedom of choice for students in upper secondary school curricula is increased, schools are
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subject to standard requirements for an updated learning environment and teaching tools,
with which municipalities bring the equipment and technical equipment into line with
schools.
Quality of education in higher education, attention is increased to the quality of education.
(Haridus ja Teadusministeerium, 2020)
Curriculum and process. The share of real and natural science subjects is increasing, the
freedom of choice for students in upper secondary school curricula is increased, schools are
subject to standard requirements for an updated learning environment and teaching tools,
with which municipalities bring the equipment and technical equipment into line with
schools.
Quality of education in higher education, attention is increased to the quality of education.
(Haridus ja Teadusministeerium, 2020)
EDUCATIONAL POLICY ASPECTS
In Estonia, it is necessary to decide which social development education should support. Do
we want to see social mobility within society, or do we want to direct mobility and labour
migration out of Estonia with our policies? (Pelisaar, Läänemets, 2008) Is it considered
necessary for different generations to have the opportunity to contribute to the development
of society and for Estonian human resources to find the optimal application? If the state
wants it, what opportunities will it create? From a position of power, systems can be managed
and managed, but not managed and developed.
The concept of education policy is a document aimed at a high degree of generalization and
focused on a long period of time (20-30 years) which provides the basis for achieving
shorter-term educational policy agreements in society and in the country. A national
education program was to be developed as a means of realizing the educational concept over
a shorter time interval (5-10 years). This program determines what activities are necessary to
achieve the educational objectives of the state, when something is started and terminated,
how material and spiritual resources are used, and who is in charge and responsible for the
implementation of the program. (Pelisaar, Läänemets, 2008)
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THE PROBLEMS IN THE NEW STRATEGY
The new strategy is already written on paper, but the question is, will they this time actually
solve the problems and find new solutions? Almost a third of the Estonian working age
population lacks minimal digital skills and the ICT skills needed for work are insufficient.
(Haridus ja Teadusministeerium, 2020) One of the biggest problems is especially with so say
older generations teachers. Who are teaching in the schools last 15 or even more years, and
have the old system in their blood. And also, no big knowledge of how to use the internet, for
example zoom or Microsoft and other platforms. Even in the university these days we have a
lot of so say dinosaurs, who don’t know how to put a grade in the system, or make a power
point presentation. You ask how are those things happening, well I don’t know. It’s really
sad.
Also, I feel that in our society we have a common attitude that learning is for young people.
In addition to the limited financial opportunities, self-improvement is also hampered by a
lack of interest and motivation among adults. And the profession of teacher is not attractive:
the proportion of young and male teachers and the competition for teacher training curricula
is small, the teacher studied does not go to school. When I started studying to be a teacher,
we had the greatest number of students for the last 7 years, it was around 109 people. Now
this year it was something around 87 people. The situation is getting worse each year.
Problems that the new strategy acknowledges are next. First one the theoretically accepted
and validated approach to learning, the valuing of the different types of talents of learners and
the sighting of special needs have not become an integral part of the learning process. Second
one dropout (especially among males) are high at all levels and types of education. Thirdly
we have big problems with established attitudes in society lead learners to choose 'specialties
for women and men', which increases gender segregation in the labour market. Fourth one
nearly a third of the Estonian working age population is not professionally trained, the
participation of low-skilled people in lifelong learning is low. (Haridus ja
Teadusministeerium, 2020) Fifth one and in my opinion if not the biggest one is that the
differences between what is available in the framework of lifelong learning and what is
needed in the labour market are too great. Educational institutions and the world of work do
not actively cooperate in the development of a lifelong learning system. Sixth Learners'
access to digital infrastructure and digital learning resources are incomplete and uneven.
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Seventh information on labour market and economic developments is not systematic and
career guidance services are of uneven quality and availability. Eighth is the shift to mass
higher education has led to a reduction in demand. Estonian youth with higher education has
lower problem-solving skills compared to other countries. International mobility of students
and lecturers is low. And ninth is that primary schools with Russian language do not
guarantee good Estonian language skills for all, and the basic skills of learners are weaker by
the end of the basic school year than in schools with Estonian language. (Haridus ja
Teadusministeerium, 2020)
NEW STRATEGY
What I have learned from my course “Studies and career opportunities in the field of
education” in the university is that in its easy to draw up on a paper, a strong strategy on how
to ensure and build up a better educational system. Much harder is in real life to make these
things really happen. Maybe the new government is capable of that. I would like to give some
examples with what the new 2020-2035 Estonian strategic measures that should take place
next 15 year are next.
Firstly, every student in general education, vocational training and higher education shall be
given access to modern digital infrastructure supporting learning. The ambitious goal is that
the development of e-learning assets and technological development will enable all pupils
and teachers to use personal digital devices in daily learning alongside the school's digital
infrastructure in the near future, and interoperable information systems and services at the
level of state, local government and school will be available to each learner. (Praxis, CentAR,
2019)
Secondly
graduates of a basic school with a language other than The Estonian language shall
be guaranteed the possibilities for acquiring Estonian language skills at the level of an
independent language user necessary for the continuation of studies in upper secondary
schools and/or vocational educational institutions. (Praxis, CentAR, 2019) I think that is a
really good point, because we have so many Russian speaking people, that need more
sufficient teaching and practice in order to learn and work in the industries they are interested
in.
Thirdly creating learning opportunities for adults to acquire and develop digital competences
so that people can use digital tools to improve their quality of life and make their work more
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productive; training institutions work with different partners.
Forth is to create a big provision of information and advisory services like career information
and training, information on employment, unemployment and wages, career guidance to
develop informed choices. (Praxis, CentAR, 2019) And to help people to get more jobs, that
are in their study fields.
Also, in my opinion we as a young and evolving country should change of valuation
principles. I am not talking about taking 100% down of the 1-5 grading system. What I am
thinking is that we see that this grading system is not suitable for every subject. And it has
been so long since something changed. I would like in this aspect to be more like Finnish
educational system. Where they almost don’t have any numeral gradings and have much
higher exam scores.
Secondly,
we should be launching programs for the popularization of the teaching profession
to make the teaching profession a significant choice for both young people and those
considering changing professions. Because there is such an enormous deficiency of good
qualified teachers in Estonia, that so many schools are forced to accept people without any
degree or previous experience and train them in school. Just to have some lessons covered. I
don’t say its totally bad, because I have had good, amazing teachers. But there are a lot more
bad cases, I was just lucky to experience that.
Thirdly maybe improving the organization of traineeships. In order to ensure the quality of
traineeships arrangements. (Praxis, CentAR, 2019) We have some kind of a central
development programs that is established which provides methodological support to
vocational training institutions, higher education institutions and employers, but I wouldn’t
say that everybody gets the help or the information they need. Maybe because its still like a
new area and the local news and newspapers don’t really talk about all the opportunities that
are out there.
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USED SOURCES
1. Haridus ja Teadusministeerium. (2020). Primary-, basic and secondary education.
Retrieved from
https://www.hm.ee/et/tegevused/alus-pohi-ja-keskharidus
2. Pelisaar, K. & Läänemets, U. (2008). Education policy-what and to whom? Retrieved
from
https://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/5_62008/9-11.pdf
3. Naulainen, M-M. (2010). Education policy. Retrieved from slideshare.net/madlimaria/
hariduspoliitika
4. Praxis. (2019), CentAR (2019). Pedagogy curriculum. Mid-term evaluation of the
lifelong learning strategy. [Course materials]. Tallinn: Institute of Educational
Sciences, Tallinn University.
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Document Outline
- ESTONIAN EDUCATION POLICY. MAIN PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
- EDUCATIONAL POLICY ASPECTS
- THE PROBLEMS IN THE NEW STRATEGY
- NEW STRATEGY
- USED SOURCES
- 1. Haridus ja Teadusministeerium. (2020). Primary-, basic and secondary education. Retrieved from https://www.hm.ee/et/tegevused/alus-pohi-ja-keskharidus
- 2. Pelisaar, K. & Läänemets, U. (2008). Education policy-what and to whom? Retrieved from https://haridus.opleht.ee/Arhiiv/5_62008/9-11.pdf
- 3. Naulainen, M-M. (2010). Education policy. Retrieved from slideshare.net/madlimaria/hariduspoliitika
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