3.Describe the relief of Scotland. Scotland is quite mountainous and there is also situated the highest peak in the UK, Ben Nevis. The Scottish Highlands cover the northern part of the country. Here The Northwest Highlands have rocky lunar landscape. South of Scotland is mostly covered with the Grampian Mountains which forms with some other mountains a huge mountain mass. The Central Lowland lie south of the Scottish Highlands. This region is a gently rolling plain. It has best farmland, and richest coal deposits. The Southern Uplands rise gently south of the Central Lowlands. This is a region of rounded, rolling hills. 4.What are the possibilities of land use in Scotland? Tourism in the mountains, there you can ski and climb mountains. In the north there doesn't live much people, so there people raise sheep or go fishing. In the Central Lowlands, people earn living from farming and there is Scotland's richest coal deposit. In the Southern Uplands people graze sheep. 5
states of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba Covers about 2,1 million square kilometers. About 5,7 million people live in that region. What is a Prarie? Prarie (aslo known as a temperate grassland) is a treeless ecozone in North America. Different names in different countries. Only about 400 mm per year. Hot summers and cold winters. Humans and the Prairies Almost 95 % of the Prairies are converted into farmland. The biggest towns are Calgary, Saskatoon and Winnipeg. The main argiculture industries are wheat, barely and canola. Rich in oil and natural gas. Fauna The most common carnivores are the Black Bear, Coyote and Badger. The most common herbivores are the Mule Deer, Pronghorne Antilope and Elk. Flora Mostly tall grass or bushes. Trees only in Manitoba. The most common trees are
Economy The Australian economy is dominated by its services sector, yet it is the agricultural and mining sectors that account for 65% of its exports. Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of agricultural products, particularly grains and wool, and minerals, including various metals, coal, and natural gas. Agriculture Agriculture in Australia is a major industry. Most of the farmland in Australia is pasture for raising cattle and sheep. Farmland covers about 65 per cent of Australia. However, most of this land is dry grazing land. Crops are grown on only about 5 per cent of the farmland. But farmers use modern agricultural methods and so make the cropland highly productive. Australia's leading farm products are cattle and calves, wheat and wool. Australia is the world's largest producer and exporter of wool and leading producer and exporter of beef, sugar and wheat
mother's pouch and stays there for almost three months. Dogs, cats, and rabbits brought to Australia by men are rapidly destroying the gentler marsupials. There is only one marsupial still alive in the United States today it is the opossum. Many of the plants of Australia aren't found anywhere else. Agriculture. Australia's farms are highly mechanized and therefore require the minimum of human labour. Only about 5 per cent of the country's workers are farmers. Farmland covers about 65 per cent of Australia. However, most of this land is dry grazing land. Crops are grown on only 5 per cent of the farmland. About 10 per cent of the cropland is irrigated. Australia's leading farm products are cattle, calves, wheat and wool. Also fruit and sugar cane. Australia is a leading producer and exporter of beef, sugar and wheat. Other major farm products include barley, chicken and eggs, cotton, oats, rice, potatoes, sheep and vegetables
seal hakatakse kasvatama põllukultuure. Sojaubade tootmine Erosioonist puretud maastik peale metsa mahavõtmist Kansase ümbrus USA-s 20 km Kansase ümbrus USA-s 6 km Kansase ümbrus USA-s · Kansases on väga viljakad mullad. · Kansas on USA suurim viljatootmispiirkond, kutsutakse ka "maailma leivaaidaks" · Ligi 20% Ameerikas toodetud viljast tuleb Kansasest ja sellest pool eksporditakse. · , we have some of the most productive farmland in the world that provides food to millions of people around the globe. And south-central Kansas has a major role in that production. For example, Pöörlev niisutussüsteem California ümbrus 1 km Terrasspõllud Hiinas Hani terrasspõllud Hani terrasspõllud · Hani terrasspõllud paiknevad Ailao mägedes Yunnan'i provintsi kaguosas. Kohalike elanike poolt loodud enam kui 170 000 mus of terrace in Yuanyang couty, the core region of Hani terraces
Land, water, sunlight Industries where one can move production facilities from one country to another. Technology based part of production- industrialised countries, production- less developed countries. In agriculture, many input factors are immobile. E. Roosaar 4/10/19 12 Land is a scarce source Cannot be increased. Urbanisation, demand of nature areas. Certain amount of farmland is abandoned each year. (erosion, accumulation of salt, desertification.) Agricultural production has increased but not agricultural area. E. Roosaar 4/10/19 13 Summary Special conditions for food are distinctive. One condition can affect another. There are many fluctuations in production. We cannot speed up or slow down production due to natural condtions. E
Largest cities are Vancouver and Victoria. Only 5% of The Pacific Region is inhabitable. The Prairie Provinces The Prairie Provinces consists of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba provinces. Population in that region is about 5.7 million people. The precipitation in The Prairie Provinces is very low only 400 mm per year. The biggest cities are Calgary, Winnipeg and Saskatoon. The Prairie Provinces focus on farming. 95% of the land in that region has been converted into farmland. Mostly wheat and other grains are produced. Cattle and sheep ranching is also part of the agriculture. The Prairie Provinces are known for their rolling plains and extreme climate with long, cold winters and hot, dry summers.The region is also rich in oil and natural gas. Central Canada This region consists of Quebec and Ontario. Central Canada is the centre of political and economic power in the country. It is the most heavily populated and
temperatures (0 °C) at inland weather stations, but only 10 days at coastal stations. Ireland is sometimes affected by heat waves, most recently 1995, 2003, 2006. Nature Ireland has fewer animal and plant species than either Britain or mainland Europe because it became an island shortly after the end of the last Ice Age, about 8,000 years ago. Many different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, temperate broadleaf and mixed forests, conifer plantations, peat bogs, and various coastal habitats. Forest covers about 10% of the country. Only 26 land mammal species are native to Ireland, because it was isolated from Europe by rising sea levels after the Ice Age. Some species, such as the red fox, hedgehog, and badger are very common, whereas others, like the Irish hare, red deer and pine marten are less so. Aquatic wildlife such as
ja pestitsiide (herbitsiide, fungitsiide ja insektitsiide) ega geneetiliselt muundatud organisme (GMO), soodustatakse elustiku mitmekesisust ja pööratakse suurt tähelepanu tootmise keskkonnasõbralikkusele. 11 KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS 1. Altieri, M. A. (1999). The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. – Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Vol. 74, No. 1–3, pp. 19–31. 2. Benton, T.G., Vickery, J.A., Wilson, J.D. 2003. Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18:182-188 3. Brussaard, L., de Ruiter, P. C., Brown, G. G. (2007). Soil biodiversity for agricultural sustainability. – Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. Vol 121, No. 3, pp. 233–244. 4. David W. Crowder Randa Jabbour. Biological Control. Relationships between biodiversity and biological control in agroecosystems: Current status and future challenges 75 köide, august 2014, lk 8-17. 5. Geiger, F
Mother Tongue Day, in 2000 UNESCO declared 21 February World Mother Tongue Day; the first estonian calendar was published in 1731, radio broadcasts started in 1924, book was published in 1535 Population: In the 13th cen. The population numbered between 100000 and 200000, but this figure changed as a result of wars, epidemics, migration and famine during the centuries followed; in the mid-1800s many estonians emigrated to Russia, North-America etc. to find a farmland better living conditions, estonians made 88.2% of the total population of their native land; WW II caused war casualties, deportations and mass emigration of refugees, in 1945 there were 854000 people in Estonia; Estonians, Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Finns and others were the communities; citizenship was given to the poplke who had held it before 16 June 1940 and tgeir descendants Public holidays: Some national holidays: 23 June: Victory Day the Battle of Võnnu in the
A small Norman army marched from village to village and destroyed the ones it couldn't control. The Normans took away the Saxon lords' land. Only a few Saxons who supported William could keep their land. Feudalism William gave parts of his conquered land to his captains around the country to avoid rebellions and uprisings. He also kept some land to himself to make sure his was much stronger than his nobles. Of all the farmland half went to his nobles, quarter to church and fifth he kept to himself. William organised the English kingdom according to feudal system. The main purpose of using that system was economic. King gave the land to "vassals" in return of army services and goods. When a noble dies, his son took over the estate. When there was no family, the land went back to king who could give it to another noble or just keep it for a few years.
feel unsafe. Louis XIV ended the rule of fur traders and made New France a royal colony governed by the King. That ensured more settlers to come to New France. Still, by 1700, New France was not a great farming colony like the King had wanted and France didn't also have money or the time to spend on that colony. France and Britain didn't have good relations; they fought over colonies, fur trade and religion. In 1756 Seven Years' War started between them. The British colonists wanted new farmland and French fur traders had forts, which they refused to move. By 1758, the British had conquered the French fortress of Louisbourg at the entrance of the St. Lawrence River. This was the beginning of the end for French rule in North America. In September 1759, the British attacked the French on the Plains of Abraham and won. The following spring they also conquered Montreal. The British renamed the new French-speaking region Quebec. They allowed the French to
The longest river is the Waikato on North Island (425 Km), the largest inland stretch of water is Lake Taupo also on North Island (607 sq Km) and the highest point is Mount Cook on South Island (3754 m). Over 75% of New Zealand is above 200m. Land use is broken down to about: forested 30% - meadows and pastures 50% - agricultural and under permanent cultivation 15% . Sheep and cattle graze on the rich farmland around Hamilton and New Plymouth in North Island and around Dunedin and Invercargill on South Island. It lies just west of the International Date Line and is among the first into the new millennium. People : New Zealand has a population of around 3.65 million. People from a wide range of European countries have arrived since Captain James Cook to make up 75% of the population while Maori make up about 10%. The Maori first arrived on these shores just
teisteks keskkondadeks. KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS • Bergerona, J., Paquetteb, S., Poullaouec-Gonidecb, P. (2014). Uncovering landscape values and micro-geographies of meanings with the go-along method.- Landscape and Urban Planning. Väljaanne nr. 122. lk 108-121 • Bruni, D. (2016). Landscape Quality and Sustainability Indicators.- Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. Väljaanne nr. 8. lk 698-705 • Cormont, A. (2016). Landscape complexity and farmland biodiversity: Evaluating the CAP target on natural elements.- Journal for Nature Conservation. Väljaanne nr. 30. lk 19-26 • Kokovkin, T. (2001). Viis mõtet maastikust. – Maastik: loodus ja kultuur. Maastiku käsitlusi Eestis. /Toim. H. Palang, H. Sooväli. Tartu Ülikooli geograafia instituut väljaanne nr 91. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastuse trükikoda, lk 40-44. • Külvik, M. (2001). Mida tahame maastikul kaitsta- seisundit või protsessi. – Maastik:
products, particularly grains and wool, and minerals, including various metals, coal, and natural gas. A downturn in world commodity prices can thus have a large impact on the economy. Agriculture Agriculture in Australia is a major industry, 402 000 people are employed in agriculture and agriculture related services. Until the late 1950s agriculture accounted for up to 80% of Australia's export earnings. That percentage has fallen with diversification of the economy. Most of the farmland in Australia is pasture for raising cattle and sheep. Farmland covers about 65 per cent of Australia. However, most of this land is dry grazing land. Crops are grown on only about 5 per cent of the farmland. But farmers use modern agricultural methods and so make the cropland highly productive. Australia's leading farm products are cattle and calves, wheat and wool. Australia is the world's largest producer and exporter of wool and leading producer and exporter of beef, sugar and wheat
1°C Average temperatures in the island vary from -4°C (min) to 11°C (max) in January, and 9°C (min) to 23°C (max) in July. Flora and fauna Ireland has fewer animal and plant species than either Britain or mainland Europe because it became an island very soon after the end of the last Ice Age, about 8,000 years ago. Nevertheless, it is home to hundreds of plant species, some of them unique to the island. Many different habitat types are found in Ireland, including farmland, open woodland, temperate forests, conifer plantations, peat bogs, and various coastal habitats. Fauna Only 31 mammal species are native to Ireland, again because it was isolated from Europe by rising sea levels after the Ice Age. Some species, such as the red fox, hedgehog, stoat, and badger are very common, whereas others, like the Irish hare, red deer and pine marten are less common and generally seen only in certain national parks and nature reserves around the island
and then east to Lloydminster, contains the most fertile soil in the province and most of the population. Much of the unforested part of Alberta is given over either to grain or to dairy farming, with mixed farming more common in the north and centre, while ranching and irrigated agriculture predominate in the south. The Alberta badlands are located in southeastern Alberta, where the Red Deer River crosses the flat prairie and farmland, and features deep gorges and striking landforms. Dinosaur Provincial Park, near Brooks, Alberta, showcases the badlands terrain, desert flora, and remnants from Alberta's past when dinosaurs roamed the then lush landscape. Agriculture Agriculture has a significant position in the province's economy. The province has over three million head of cattle and Alberta beef has a healthy worldwide market. Nearly one half of all Canadian beef is produced in Alberta
Although about 10 percent of Britain is still forested, most of this area consists of commercially planted coniferous forests in Wales. Before they were affected by the people, the oak forests spread over the best soils of Britain. Forests were unable to establish themselves in the poorer soils of the mountains, wetlands and heath. The plants common to these wilder areas are heather, peat moss, rowan and bilberry. Some wetland areas have drained and are now covered by towns and farmland. Animal life An estimated 30,000 animal species live in Britain, although many of them are on the endangered list. Britain has many small mammals and the large ones tend to be gentle. The only surviving large mammals are red deer and roe deer. Semi wild ponies also inhabit the Shetland Islands. Once wild boars and wolves roamed Britain but they were hunted to extinction. Small mammals like badger, foxes, otters, red squirrels and wildcats inhabit Britain.
spread over the best soils in Britain. Forests were unable to establish themselves in the poorer soils of the mountains, wetlands, heath, and moorlands. The plants common to these areas are heather, gorse (astelhernes), peat moss (sammal), rowan (pihlakas) and bilberry (mustikas). These regions have been altered by heavy grazing of livestock and by controlled burning. Some wetland areas have been subjected to massive draining efforts for hundreds of years and are now covered by towns and farmland. 8. Agriculture, natural resources The open fields with their tiny strips of land worked by farmers were quickly replaced by compact farms, with large farms surrounded by hedges and ditches to prevent stray animals from ruining the crops or mixing with the new, improved breeds of sheep and cattle. This so-called agricultural revolution left large numbers of the rural population landless but also led to the massive increase in agricultural production necessary to
It is not noticiable because prices already include it. Excise Duties: imposed on alcohol, tobacco, petrol etc. to limit the use of these goods. POPULATION The earliest traces of human habitation date from prehistoric times. In th the 13 century the population numbered between 100 000 and 200 000, but this figure changed as a result of wars, epidemics and migrations. In the mid 1800s many Estonians emigrated in the hope of finding good farmland and better living conditions. The census of 2000 showed that 47 different nationalities live in Estonia: 67,9% Estonians, 25,6% are Russian and also Ukrainians, Belarussians, Finns and Tatars. Estonian citizenship does not depend on ethnicity. It was automatically given to the people who had held it before 1940. at the beginning of 2003, the estimated population was 1 356 045, of which 54% were women.
The South is economically, historically and culturally a distinct region. With its warm climate and rich soil, it developed an economy based on cotton export. Conflicts between the North and the South, especially over slavery, led to the Civil War in 1861. The South preserves its traditions, for example good cooking and a slower, more hospitable way of life. The South includes eleven states. The Midwest is a large, economically important region. It contains major industrial cities and much farmland. Geographically, the Midwest can be subdivided into three smaller regions: the Great Lakes area with many lakes, hills and forests; the prairie area south of it, which is flat and has good soil for farming; the Great Plains area to the west, much drier than the prairie. The Southwest is characterized by geographical variety: from humid lands in eastern Texas to drier prairies in Oklahoma and western Texas to mountains and deserts in Arizona and New Mexico. The Southwest area is rich in minerals
must be made knights, so even some yeomen farmers became part of the ,,landed gentry", while many ,,esquires" who had served knights, now became knights themselves. Next to the gentlemen were ordinary freemen of the towns. By the end of the Middle Ages it was possible for a serf to become a freeman if he worked for 7 years in a town craft guild. Town offered to poor men to become rich & successful. At the same time many successful merchant families were obtaining farmland. In the beginning the guilds protected the production or trade of a whole town, later they protected only those already enjoying membership or who could afford to buy it. The poorer skilled workers tried to join together, these were the first efforts to form a trade union. ,,Factories" in different places in Europe. Wages rose faster than the prices, but signs of future social & econimic crisis (more sheep, less foof crops, fences). In the 15th cent. A new middle class in towns was developing
In the 1860s, Estonian peasants began buying farmsteads from the estates, at free market prices. Due to the shortage of land and the large number of buyers, the prices were much higher than in Russia. The peasants made use of long-term bank credits, which they later paid back from income received from growing flax and potatoes. By the end of the 19th century, the peasants in South Estonia (Livonian province) possessed over 80% and in North Estonia (Estonian province) 50% of the available farmland. Influenced by the French Revolution, the ideas of Romanticism and the newly emerging German national consciousness, the mid-19th century also witnessed the national awakening of the Estonians. The leading force in the Estonian national movement was the new elite -- primarily the emerging intellectuals aspiring to better their social position, the middle layer consisting of civil servants, merchants and artisans, and, increasingly, the ethnic Estonian clergy
That was the strict feudal system imposed by William: barons were directly responsible to the king, knights were responsible to a baron. Under the barons and knights were the peasantry, who were often little better than slaves. Over three quarters of the country people were serfs who were not free to leave their lord’s service or his land without permission. 45 William kept the Anglo-Saxon system of sheriffs, and used these as a balance to local nobles. He kept a fifth of the farmland to himself. As a result, England, unlike France, had only one powerful family (Look at the map). Most of the Norman nobles had land on both sides of the English Channel, in England and in Normandy. A very small number of Saxon lords kept their lands. All the others lost everything. Many of them fled to lowland Scotland. After each English rebellion there was more land to give away. Over 4,000 English landlords were replaced by 200 Norman ones
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