The solution could have been totally different, but the people of Estonia voted "yes", when we were asked if we wanted to join the European Union. This event has already found distrustful repercussion. Some people have stated that the European Union is going to find an end soon and the whole association will fall apart. Jürgen Ligi, the minister of finance has his own thoughts about this. In an article from EPL he has said that the gossip about the ending of eurozone is not serious - politicians do not think about leaving from the eurozone, because they have invested too much trust and money into it. On the same topic Siim Kallas, the vice president of European Commission, has also affirmed that we are not leaving from the eurozone. "It`s very easy to leave the eurozone, but no-one is even thinking about it." He explains the simplicity - we could just exit the eurozone system, print our own bank-notes again and start over.
Austia, Finland and Sweden join the EU. In 1997 the treaty of Amsterdam is signed, which showed the beginnings of a common foreign and security policy. In 1999 The European Central Bank takes responsibility for monetary policy and launches euro to 11 countries, Greek joines in 2001. Same year in Nice the European Council agrees to change the system for enlargement of the EU, in 2001 the treaty is signed. In 2002 new Euro coins and notes are introduced to the eurozone members. In 2004 10 countries join the EU: Estonia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. In 2007 Bulgaria and Romania join the EU, Slovenia also joins the eurozone. In 2008 Cyprus and Malta also join the eurozone, following Slovakia in 2009 and Estonia in 2011. Today the union has a common single market consisting of a customs union, a common agricultural policy, a common trade policy, a commons fisheries policy and a commons
Deutschland Gerli Lomp 2011 Deutschland ist ein föderalistischer Staat in Mitteleuropa. Deutschland grenzt an neun europäische Nachbarstaaten; naturräumlich grenzt es an die Gewässer der Nord- und Ostsee und im Süden an das Bergland der Alpen. Als Gründungsmitglied der Europäischen Union ist Deutschland deren bevölkerungsreichstes Land und bildet mit insgesamt 17 EU-Mitgliedstaaten eine Währungsunion, die Eurozone. Flagge Wappen Hauptstadt Berlin Staatsform Parlamentarische Bundesrepublik Regierungsform Parlamentarische Demokratie Fläche 357.111,91 km² Einwohnerzahl - 81,742 Mio. (31. Aug. 2010) Bevölkerungsdichte - 229 Einwohner pro km² Währung Euro (1 = 100 ct) Nationalfeiertag 3. Oktober Amtssprache Deutsch , zumindest regional auch Niederdeutsch, regional auch Dänisch, Nordfriesisch, Niedersorbisch, Obersorbisch. Topografische Karte
continental climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people, and the official language, Estonian, is a Finno-Ugric language closely related to Finnish, and distantly to Hungarian and to the Sami languages. Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic divided into fifteen counties, with its capital and largest city being Tallinn. Estonia's population of 1.3 million makes it one of the least-populous member states of the European Union, Eurozone and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. A developed country with an advanced, high-income economy, Estonia has the highest gross domestic product per person among the former Soviet republics, and is a member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Finland, officially The Republic of Finland, is the eighth largest country in Europe. From the late 12th century until 1809, Finland was part of Sweden. In World War II, Finnish forces fought in three separate conflicts: the Winter War (1939–1940) and Continuation War (1941–1944) against the Soviet Union and the Lapland War (1944– 1945) against Nazi Germany. Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and established an official policy of neutrality and the European Union in 1995 and the eurozone at its inception in 1999. Estonian and Finnish are very similar. Estonia and Finland also share the tune of their national anthem.
It is 318 meters high. There are some craters in Estonia. The biggest one is Kaali crater in Saaremaa. Estonia has over 1,400 lakes. Most are very small, but the largest is lake Peipus. There are many rivers, too. The longest of them are Võhandu (162 km), Pärnu (144 km) and Põltsamaa (135 km). Estonia has numerous fens and bogs. Estonia is quite sparsely populated country. With a population of 1.29 million, it is one of the least-populous members of the European Union, Eurozone and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The majority of the population speak Estonian and it is a national language. Estonian is closely related to Finnish. Russian is spoken as a secondary language. About 30 % of the population in Estonia speak Russian. Estonia is a parliamentary democacy. The head of a state is president. Our president is Toomas- Hendrik Ilves. The Riigikogu elects and appoints several high officials of the state, including the President of the Republic
- Debate and vote focussed on national issues (few exceptions Bolkenstein / constitution) – retrospective / protest vote - List of candidates defined by national parties - Party and voters’ perspective – lower relevance than „first order elections“ – no govt. - Lower turnout if compared to national elections - Protest vote and retrospective judgement - Sanction towards governing parties (no consequences on the govt.) XIV loeng Eurozone crisis Criteria for joining the eurozone • Budget deficit: Less than 3% of GDP • Public debt: Less than 60% of GDP • Inflation: Within 1.5% of the avg. in the 3 MS with lowest inflation • Interest rates: Within 2% of the avg. in the 3 MS with lowest rates • Exchange rates: Kept within ERM fluctation margins for two years Kontroll (ülevalt alla tähtsus) • ECB – Monetary policy / inflation / independent?
ka kriiside ohjamine palju raskem, kuna teatav kontingent võib selles näha võimalust ühise Euroopa ideest loobuda ning minna tagasi täielikult rahvustepõhisele riikide kogumile. Euroopa 12 Verhofstadt, Behn-Condit. Euroopa manifest, lk. 11. 13 Velda Buldas. Käesoleva majanduskriisi põhjused ja tagajärjed. Loengumaterjalid. Majanduskriis Kesk- ja Ida- Euroopas ja sammud kriisist väljumiseks. 2013. 14 András Inotai. The Management of the Costs of Crisis Management Eurozone , EU 2020 and the Future of European Integration. Economic Studies, 2011/2, p. 4. 5 Keskpank ning teised eurotsooni juhtorganid peavad lisaks majanduslikele otsustele pidevalt tõrjuma skeptikute rünnakuid ning pareerima ebapopulaarseid arvamusi. Rahaliidu loomisega majanduslik ühtsus 20. sajandi lõpuks siiski saavutati, kuid loodetud poliitilist koostööd see kaasa pole toonud
ceremonial and he or she holds no executive power. The president is elected by the Riigikogu for a five-year term. If no candidate secures a two-third majority in Riigikogu after three rounds of balloting, a special electoral body elects the president, choosing between the two candidates with the largest percentage of votes. The President cannot be elected for more than two consecutive terms. Estonia is a member of the European Union and of the eurozone and, according to the IMF, an advanced economy. Estonia's economy was one of the fastest growing economies in the world until 2006 with growth rates exceeding 10% annually. The GDP (Gross Domestic Product) grew 8% in 2007 alone. In the first quarter of 2008, however, GDP grew only 0.1%. Estonia is nearly energy independent, producing 90% of its electricity needs with locally mined oil shale. Oil shale energy along with electronics, banking and IT solutions are some of
Ireland has produced internationally influential artists in other musical genres such as rock, pop, jazz and blues including The Pogues, U2, Westlife, Chris de Burgh, Thin Lizzy, The Corrs, The Cranberries, Blues guitarist Rory Gallagher, jazz guitarist Louis Stewart and Academy Award winner Glen Hansard of The Frames. In 2002 The Republic of Ireland introduced the single European currency, the euro. With 14 other EU member states it forms the Eurozone. County numbers in the Republic of Ireland (shown in green) Sport By far the most popular sports in Ireland are the national sports of Gaelic football and hurling. Hurling, arguably the world's fastest field team sport in terms of game play is, along with Gaelic Football, administered by the Gaelic Athletic Association; as is Handball. Notable former Gaelic Athletic Association players include the now retired pair of DJ Carey and Peter Canavan
Kui mõõdukas inflatsioon on üle läinud hüperinflatsiooniks on tavaliselt ainuke viis sellest välja tulemiseks annulleerimine ehk praegu käibel olev raha kuulutakse kehtetuks ja rajatakse uus rahasüsteem. (Sepp 1990, :39) EUROTSOONI INFLATSIOON Eurotsoon on inflatsioon olnud viimase paariaasta jooksul stabiilne ning viimased andmed, mis oktoobi kuus mõõdeti, näitasid inflatsiooni tasemeks 0,00%. Kusjuures septembris oli inflatsioon -0,10%. (Eurozone Inflation Rate 2015) Eurotsooni alal on peale majanduskriisi olnud pidevalt püsiv madal inflatsioon. Tegurid, mis on mõjutanud sellise majandusliku olukorra on mitmeid. Aeglane majanduskasv. Majanduskasv Euroopa Liidus on olnud madal juba suure majanduslanguse alguses (2007). Nõrk majanduskasv on pannud surve palkade ja hindadele. Madalad energia- ja toiduainetehinnad. Kütusehinna langus on üks kõige tugevam faktor hindade langemisel
The European Court of Justice (created in 1952), the highest court in the EU legal system; The General Court (created in 1988; formerly the Court of First Instance); In addition to a number of specialized courts, such as the Civil Service Tribunal (created in 2004). The European Central Bank The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers the monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 18 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks. The bank was established by the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1998, and is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2013 the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy. The owners and shareholders of the European Central Bank are the central banks of the 28 member states of the EU.
- The rights and freedoms enshrined in the ECHR - Other rights from the common traditions of EU members Includes third generation rights – data protection, bioethics 3 stages towards Euro - 1990 abolition of all restrictions on the movement of capital - 1994 european monetary institute - 1999 – fixing of conversion rates - 2002 – euro banknotes Crises - Brexit - Far right and populism - Eurozone crisis - Migration - Eastern flank - Transatlantic relations Key innovations - Public presecutor - European referendum - Minister of Foreign Affairs - Withdrawal clause - Popular initiative - Border guard Developments 5 scenarios proposed by Juncker - Carrying on - Nothing but the single market - Those who want more do more - Doing less more efficiently - Doing much more together Grand theories of European Integrations
Oporto, the second-largest city, located in the North. The country is a democratic republic with a president (currently Aníbal Cavaco Silva) and prime minister (currently Pedro Passos Coelho). Since the 1990s, Portugal's economic development model has been slowly changing from one based on public consumption to one focused on exports, private investment, and development of the high-tech sector. The Portuguese currency is the euro () and the country's economy is in the eurozone. DEVELOPMENT Portugal is a developed country with a very high Human Development Index, the world's 19th highest quality-of-life as of 2005, and a strong healthcare system. It is one of the world's most globalized and peaceful nations: a member of the European Union and the United Nations, and a founding member of the Latin Union, the Organization of Ibero-American States, OECD, NATO, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the eurozone and the Schengen Agreement. II. Early History
otsustusprotsessi. Zielonka ütleb, et seda on tõenäolisem saavutada avaliku vaidlustamise kui esindatuse kaudu – kodanike võimsus Euroopa otsuseid vaidlustada saab uus-keskaegses korras olema olulisem kui esindatuse institutsionaalsete kanalite funktsioneerimine. Viljar Veebel, Raul Markus: „Why and how supranational institutions became central stakeholders in the eurozone debt crisis 2008-2012?“ Selle artikli peamised eesmärgid: 1) peamiste Euroopa võlakriisi lahendavate võimaluste hindamine ja analüüsimine 2) Sotsiaalsete huvigruppide huvide kindlakstegemine võlakriisi olukorras 3) Võlakriisi ajal tehtud poliitiliste valikute mõju hindamine huvigruppide jaoks Peamine argument: Eurotsooni kriisisituatsioonis on efektiivsemad mittevalitavad institutsioonid, sest nad ei pea mõtlema avalikkuse heakskiidule. 1
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