Allolaktoosi seondumine repressoriga põhjustab repressori dissots. operaatorilt. 10. Mis on peamine erinevus prokarüootse mRNA ja eukarüootse mRNA vahel? Prokarüootides transkribeeritakse üks polütsistoorne mRNA, mis hiljem transleeritakse mitmeks eri valguks. Eukrüootides transkribeeritakse monotsistroonne mRNA, millest hiljem sünteesi-takse 1 valk. 11. Võrdle prokarüootsete ja eukarüootsete RNA polümeraaside struktuuri ja funktsiooni. Eukaryotes have several types of RNAP, characterized by the type of RNA they synthesize: · RNA polymerase I synthesizes a pre-rRNA 45S, which matures into 28S, 18S and 5.8S rRNAs which will form the major RNA sections of the ribosome. · RNA polymerase II synthesizes precursors of mRNAs and most snRNA and microRNAs. This is the most studied type, and due to the high level of control required over transcription a range of transcription factors are
Mille poolest ta a) sarnaneb, b) erineb TATAbox- st? 2. Sidumissait - regioon (valgus, DNA-s jne), mis on spetsiifiliseks seostumiseks teistele molekulidele, ioonidele. It is a region on a protein, DNA, or RNA to which specific other molecules and ions -- in this context collectively called ligands, or more specifically, protein ligands -- form a chemical bond. 3. TATA-box is a DNA sequence (Cis-regulatory element) found in the promoter region of most genes in eukaryotes. It is the binding site of either transcription factors or histones and is involved in the process of transcription by RNA polymerase. It has the core DNA sequence 5'- TATAAA-3' or a variant, which is usually followed by three or more adenine bases and has been highly conserved through evolution. The TATA box is usually located 25 base pairs upstream to the transcription site. 4. Nimeta peamised DNAd siduvad domäänid, mis on iseloomulikud
promoter in DNA. RNA polymerase is a core enzyme consisting of five subunits: 2 subunits, 1 subunit, 1 ' subunit, and 1 subunit. At the start of initiation, the core enzyme is associated with a sigma factor (number 70) that aids in finding the appropriate -35 and -10 base pairs downstream of promoter sequences. Eukaryotic RNA polymerase does not directly recognize the core promoter sequences. The most common type of core promoter in eukaryotes is a short DNA sequence known as a TATA box. The TATA box, is the binding site for a transcription factor known as TATA binding protein (TBP), which is itself a subunit of another transcription factor TFIID. After TFIID binds to the TATA box via the TBP, five more transcription factors and RNA polymerase combine around the TATA box in a series of stages to form a preinitiation complex. One transcription factor, DNA helicase, has helicase
Persoonia 18: 000-000. Larraya, L.M., Pérez, G., Peòas, M.M., Baars, J.J.P., Mikosch, T.S.P., Pisabarro, A.G. & Ramírez, L. 1999. Molecular karyotype of white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65: 3413-3417. Mikelsaar, R.H. 2000. Mitokondrite päritolu ja adapatsioon. Schola Biotheoretica 26: 56-58. Nara, T., Hashimoto, T. & Aoki, T. 2000. Evolutionary implications of the mosaic pyrimidine-biosynthetic pathway in eukaryotes. Gene 257: 209-222. Nargang, F.E., Bell, J.B., Stohl, L.L. & Lambowitz, A.M. 1984. The DNA sequence and genetic organization of a Neurospora mitochondrial plasmid suggest a relationship to introns and mobile elements. Cell 38: 441-453. Nishida, H., Blanz, P.A. & Sugiyama, J. 1993. The higher fungus Protomyces inouyei has two group I introns in the 18S rRNA gene. Journal of Molecular Evolution 37: 25-28. Oliver, R. & Schweizer, M. (eds) 1999. Molecular fungal biology
origins of three new Neotyphodium endophyte species from grasses indigenous to the Southern Hemisphere. Mycologia 94: 694–711. Moon, C.D., Scott, B., Schardl, C.L., & Christensen, M.J. 2000. Evolutionary origins of Epichloë endophytes from annual ryegrasses. Mycologia 92: 1103–18. Penalva, M.A., Moya, A., Dopazo, J. & Ramon, D. 1990. Sequences of isopenicillin N synthetase genes suggest horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B 241: 164-169. Papa, K.E. 1979. Genetics of Aspergillus flavus: complementation and mapping of aflatoxin mutants. Genetical Research 34: 1–9. 89 Ramirez Carillo, R. & Leal Lara, H. Breeding of Pleurotus and Lentinula hybrids by pairing of neohaplonts for commercial cultivation. In: IMC7 Book of Abstracts. Oslo. 264. Saville, B.J., Kohli, Y. & Anderson, J.B. 1998
cap. The protein factors bind the small ribosomal subunit (40S), and these initiation factors hold the mRNA in place. The eukaryotic Initiation Factor 3 (eIF3) is associated with the small ribosomal subunit, and plays a role in keeping the large ribosomal subunit from prematurely binding. CAP-sõltumatu initsiatsioon. The best studied example of the cap-independent mode of translation initiation in eukaryotes is the Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES) approach. What differentiates cap-independent translation from cap- dependent translation is that cap-independent translation does not require the ribosome to start scanning from the 5' end of the mRNA cap until the start codon. Upstream ORF-ide mõju eukarüootsele translatsioonile. GCN4 süsteem. 23
7 ref to aerobic bacteria / increased BOD / less oxygen in water; 8 fish / sea slugs / sponges / corals, die; (linked to oxygen loss) 9 AVP; e.g. increased mineral nutrients increases susceptibility of corals to disease, increased numbers of anaerobic species, ref to heavy metal toxicity 4 max [4] 80. humans are eukaryotes / Escherichia coli is a prokaryote; humans / eukaryotes have (accept ora) larger, proteins / genes; introns; ‘junk’ DNA / non-coding DNA; repeating sequences; centromeres / telomeres; fossil genes; E. coli cell much smaller; ora selection for, less waste of space / more compact genome; 2 max [2] 81
Conceived and designed the experiments: LK TR MK. Performed the To confirm that the specimens do belong to the same strain, it is experiments: LK. Analyzed the data: LK TR MK. Contributed reagents/ still necessary to conduct the fusibility experiments (Figure 5). materials/analysis tools: LK TR MK. Wrote the paper: LK TR MK. References 1. Long EO, David ID (1980) Repeated genes in eukaryotes. Annu Rev Biochem 9. Buscema M, De Sutter D, Van de Vyver G (1980) Ultrastructural study of 49: 727764. differentiation processes during aggregation of purified sponge archaeocytes. 2. Ganley AR, Kobayashi T (2007) Highly efficient concerted evolution in the Wilhelm Roux's Archives 188: 4553.
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