and other important social services. This is a major obstacle to equitable development. Poverty has also been described as the number one health problem for many poor nations as they do not have the resources to meet the growing needs. But poverty is not restricted just to developing countries. Industrialized nations are also seeing a sharp increase in poverty. While the current form of globalization is resulting in additional wealth, the disparities are sharp. Less people are turning out to be benefiting while an increasing number are left behind. Even in places such as Europe and USA, poor people still do not seem to get enough attention or resources to help alleviate their problems. Certain types of poverty in various European cities can be regarded as worse than in some other parts of the world which one would not normally think would compare with Europe, such as India.
Post Civil-War America • United States fully settled from the East Coast to West Coast • Profound changes: technological changes = US becomes modern industrial state • US became more confident in itself • Immigration – large population of immigrants no longer spread to west, become the labour force to the factories, also dramatic growth in cities • New tension in society, what it really means to be an American • Income disparities – big gap between people who are rich and people who are poor • Westward expansion – people can think about optimistic things happening when they think about the positive things happening in the country • United States as an urban nature: skyscrapers, full of people etc Intellectual and literary trends • Darwinism • Social Darwinism • Rejection of Romanticism – writing moves away from romanticism • New Realism
interest - Redistributive policies – transfer financial resources from groups of individuals, regions or countries to others - Distributive policies – allocate financial resources and benefits to selected beneficiaries - Constituent policies – rules of the gamses,benefits related to balance of power EUs re-distributive tool – a policy with the stated aim of improving the economic well-being of reigons in the EU and also to avoid regional disparities. Restructures declining industrial areas and diversify rural areas which hace declining agriculture EU cohesion policy at a glance 36% of EU budget: Financial instruments - European Regional Development Fund - European Social Fund - Cohesion Fund Three objectives - Convergence objective – for regions w/ a GDP below 7% of community average - Regional competitiveness and employment objective – for all other regions
Samuti tuleks teha põhjalikuma teooria osa uuringu. 13 KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS Jeon, B., Noguchi, H., Kwon S., Ito, T., Tamiya, N. (2017). Disability, poverty, and role of the basic livelihood security system on health services utilization among the elderly in South Korea. – Elsevier Social Science & Medicine. No 178, 175-183. Kimmel, P. L., Fwu, C. W., Abbott, K. C., Ratner, J., Eggers, P. W. (2016), Racial disparities in poverty account for mortality differences in US medicare beneficiaries. – Elsevier SSM – Population Health. No. 2, 123 – 129. Kontis, V., Bennett, J. E., Mathers, C. D., Li, G., Foreman, K., Ezzati, M. (2017). Future life expectancy in 35 industrialised countries: projections with a Bayesian model ensemble. – The Lancet, Vol. 389. Luna, V. M. I. (2016). The persistence of Poverty in Capitalist Countries – Economia Informa, 76. McCurry, J. (2017)
agricultural products or maritime trade - No political integration - Only Council of Ministers (no supranational institutions) Economic and Monetary Union Agreed in 1969 to harmonize economic policies and make them compatible/ready for the switch to single currency. - End convertibility of US dollar into gold - Monetary/political instability - „Snake in the tunnel“ linked to USD and to DM (UK, DK, IT, FR out) - Economic disparities among Members (European Regional Development Fund, 1973) - European Monetary System Replaced the „snake“ and was based on the exchange rate mechanism of the European Currency Unit (ECU). The value of ECU was a basket EC currencies weighted according to their relative strength. Committment to keep national currencies within +/-2.25% (6% for Italy) – UK and DE left in early 1990s. III loeng Maastrich Criteria towards a single EU currency
social phenomena. 53. Institutionalised racism- Institutional racism (also known as institutionalised racism) is a form of racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions. Institutional racism is also racism by individuals or informal social groups, [1] governed by behavioral norms that support racist thinking and foment active racism. It is reflected in disparities regarding wealth, income, criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, political power and education, among other things. Whether implicitly or explicitly expressed, institutional racism occurs when a certain group is targeted and discriminated against based upon race. Institutional racism can go unnoticed as it is not always explicit and can be overlooked. 54. Stereotyping- - a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. 55
Trans. from Christoph Schlüren, ‘Review of new recordings’ Fono Forum June (1996): 54. 4 Tiia Teder, ‘Helikristallide moodustamine’ (Forming Sound Crystals) Pühapäevaleht (Sunday Paper) 16 Mar. 1996. 5 E. S. Tüür. Cristallisatio. Booklet to the CD, ECM New Series, No. 1590. This illogical and unnatural comprehension has had, in my opinion, no positive outcome because there stand unsuitable polarised divergent means of expression and tremendous disparities of spiritual worlds behind them. Tüür has been called Estonia’s top composer by P. Kuusk in Eesti Päevaleht, December 1, 1997. Tüür replied: Bah, humbug! Such tales of whom to regard a genius in his lifetime and whom not to, bring along more harm than good. This is so much swampy ground that I would not fall into such a slough.1 The fifth generation of composers has produced some notable authors. Mari Vihmand (b
Following Grice (1957) and flouting Strawson, Kripke (1979a) distinguishes between what a linguistic expression itself means or refers to and what a speaker means or refers to in using the expression. For example, taken liter- ally, the sentence "Albert's an elegant fellow" means that Albert is an elegant fellow, but a speaker might use it sarcastically to point out that Albert is a revolting slob. (We shall say much more of disparities between speaker- meaning and literal expression meaning in chapters 7 and 13.) So too, I may say "Smith's murderer," which phrase taken literally means whoever mur- dered Smith, and (myself) honestly mean Jones on the stand and accurately be taken to mean Jones. Linsky's speaker himself means the lady's companion, but the expression "Her husband" according to the rules of English means whoever (if anyone) is married to her; Donnellan's party guest obviously
Food safety is one of the concerns and objec- economic development. tives of the current policy of several develop- In the past few years, there has been ing and developed countries. It aims to some reinforcement for these efforts from improve the life quality (increasing quality new legislation and regulations by interna- and years of healthy life, and eliminating tional food safety authorities and national health disparities) of their citizens and is and international governments (examples considered to be one of the challenging goals being the Codex Alimentarius standards for the twenty-first century (COM 2000; [FAO/WHO 2005], the General Food Law USDHHS 2000; WHO 2004; PAHO 2008). [EC 2002/178], and all legal documents Food safety has increasingly become a based on the General Food Law [Trienekens
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