At the beginning, as Nikolai is waiting for his son, some of the qualities of the fathers' generation are displayed. The lengthy description of Nikolai's bibliography associates him with the gentry. The reader learns that Nikolai acts on emotion, marrying Masha despite his parents will, and found joy in a love-filled marriage. This can be somewhat descriptive of the ideals represented by the gentry romanticism, aesthetic virtues, sentimentality. Also noticeable in this scene is the use of diminutive forms when portraying Nikolai -" ", " " that belittle Nikolai as a serious man and portray that the owner is "not a part of the adult world" (Bialyi 1968:13). The portrayal of rather clumsy and non-adult continues in Chapter 4 where Nikolai " ". All in all, the first impression of the older generation is rather naïve, yet unserious. As chapter 3 embarks, the koliaska moves towards the poorly managed Kirsanov estate,
some-handsome, hood-childhood) and productive that are used at present (nt, de, re pre, non, un). Affixes are native and borrowed. Native ones are those that existed in OE period (ish, dom, ful, teen). They used to be indipendent words. Foreign affixixes are viewed according to the lg they come from (nt, Latin- able; deca-dent, expect-ancy) Hybrids are for example read plus able. Some words have elements that belong to different languages, they are hybrids. Diminutive suffixes express fondness or a small size (nt, daddy, booklet, pussykin). Derigatory express neg attitude (nt, gangster) . Negative prefixes are un, non, mis dis . 9. composition ehk compound. The pattern of composition is a combination of 2 or more stems. Compounds are spelt either as one word or with an hyphen. Compounds are completely motivated (nt, dining-room), partly motivated (nt, flower-bed), absent (nt, fiddle, viiul)
(unhappy), naught (nothing), hearken (to hear). Function to uphold lofty poetic colouring (if used in poetry). If used in trivial conversation the effect is irony, satire, humour. Common colloquial vocabulary Familiar words that occur everyday more intimate talk and as a rule not used in literary speech. To hurt-to kick around, clever-smart, friend-buddy, pal, die-go west. Interjections. E.g. Jee! Goshh! Neutral words used metaphorically - Half-baked (silly), juicy (good), lamb (dear) Diminutive forms fatty (fat), sweety, piggy, Marge Special forms of address old thing! Sweet heart! Honey! Colloquial abbreviation op (operation), sis, sec Intensifiers or adverbs result is trite oxymoron (very often) e.g. horribly smart, terribly sweet. Words with a wide range of application 1. thing- may stand for anything 2.stuff 3. job Ph. Verbs make out (understand), give in (surrender). Nouns converted from ph v e.g. break through, getaway. Time fillers you see! I mean.. eaaa.
· The main noun forming suffixes with negative evaluation are:-ard, -ster, -monger, -eer · On the slang, -o shows contemptuous attitude (kiddo, coppo) · -happy, -dog show irony, contempt (car-happy, handsome-dog) · Negative affixes that show absence of some quality are rather expressive (unmask vs. reveal, motherless vs. orphan) · The romantic writers tend to bring together such adjectives and the text becomes very emotional (Milton) · Diminutive suffixes imply small size or humoruous or contemptuous colouring (daddy, starlet, lambkin, weakling) Compounds: · Unexpected models for compounds may create humour due to unusual combinations (in-chiefboy-friend-in-chief) · Compound nouns standing for people may form out of a phrase (sound contemptuous) (miss what's-her-name) · This type of word building is popular for coining nonce words (adjectives, nouns) (a move-away-or-I'll-kick-you attitude)
g. car-happy), -dog (e.g. handsome-dog), -ola (e.g. chair chairola). Their effect is often irony or contempt. There are affixes that are negative, indicating the absence of some quality, they are very expressive (e.g. "motherless / fatherless" are more expressive than "orphan"). Their expressiveness is based on the fact that negation shows that ties between elements are possible yet do not exist. Diminutive suffixes either express the small size or add a positive, humorous and sometimes a contemptuous colouring: -let- (e.g. starlet, chicklet, etc.); -kin- (e.g. lambkin, etc.); -ling- (e.g. weakling, etc.); -ette- (e.g. kitchenette, etc.); -y / ie-(e.g. daddy, etc.). Proceeding with composition we may say that unexpected models of compound words are humorous due to unusual combination of elements (e.g. chief: boy-friend-in-chief )
g coppo, (policeman), kiddo. Semi-affixes happy: car-happy (crazy about cars), handsome-dog (nice-man) -ola: chairola They are also slang-suffixes and contribute to contemptious ironic connotation There are negative affixes that indicate absence of some quality and they convey expressive connotations. E.g fatherless, motherless are more expressive than ,,orphan" which denotes the same, because the suffix shows that something important is missing. Diminutive suffixes Imply a small size and also positive/humorous or contemptious colouring. Thus the suffix kin e.g lambkin, -let (chicklet, starlet), -ling (weakling (weak person), -y (mommy, daddy), -ie (oldie, lassie). Unexpected patterns of compound words create a humorous effect, due to unusual combinations of elements. E.g in-chief= commanding, editor. Boyfriend in-chief sounds unexpected and funny. Compound words standing for people may be formed out of a phrase
characters. The fierce and pompous Kantorek is a small man described as "energetic and uncompromising," characteristics that recall the worried Caesar's remarks about Cassius in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: "Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look. / He thinks too much. Such men are dangerous" (I.ii.195196). Napoleon also springs to mind as a historical model for Kantorek. The inclusion of a seemingly anachronistic literary type--the scheming or dangerous diminutive man--may seem out of place in a modern novel. Yet this quality of Kantorek arguably reflects the espousal of dated ideas by an older generation of leaders who betray their followers with manipulations, ignorance, and lies. "While they taught that duty to one's country is the greatest thing," Paul writes in Chapter One, "we already knew that death-throes are stronger." As schoolboys, Paul and his friends believed that Kantorek was an enlightened
very expressive (e.g. "motherless / fatherless" are more expressive than "orphan"). Their expressiveness is based on the fact that negation shows that ties between elements are possible yet do not exist. The romantic writers tend to bring together adjectives with these affixes and the text becomes very emotional (e.g. "He was unmoved, unshaken, unterrifyed." sounds more emotional than: "He was calm and brave.") Diminutive suffixes either express the small size or add a positive, humorous and sometimes a contemptuous colouring: -let- (e.g. starlet, chicklet, etc.) -kin- (e.g. lambkin, etc.) -ling- (e.g. weakling, etc.) -ette- (e.g. kitchenette, etc.) -y / ie-(e.g. daddy, etc.) Proceeding with composition we may say that unexpected models of compound words are humorous due to unusual combination of elements (e.g
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