CONE – A receptor cell located in the retina at the back of the eye. It is sensitive to colour. CONTRALATERAL – Structures located on opposite side of the midline. CORPUS CALLOSUM – The large bundle of nerve fibres connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain. CORTISOL – A hormone* produced in the adrenal cortex*. In man, it is produced in greatest amounts early in the morning to prepare the body for daily activities; implicated in the body response to stress. CYTOPLASM – The contents of the cell, a gelly-like substance made of water and proteins*, in which all intracellular organelles* are suspended. CYTOTOXIC – Cell-killing DENDRITE - A tree-like extension of the neurone* cell body. It receives information from other neurones through their axon terminals. DENDRITIC SPINES – Tiny formations on the surface of dendrites, which increase neuronal surface and the capacity to form synapses with adjacent neurones. The
struktuurgeen (ingl. Structural gene)- geen, mis määrab polüpeptiidi või mittetransleeritava RNA sünteesi. 6. Valgu süntees Valgusüntees ehk valgu biosüntees on valkude moodustamise protsessrakkudes, milles osalevad RNAd ja ribosoomid. tuum (ingl. Nucleus)- Kromosoome, teatud valke (nt. transkriptsioonifaktorid) ja RNA-d sisaldav eukarüootse raku osa, mis on eraldatud tsütoplasmast kaksikmembraaniga. tsütoplasma (ingl. Cytoplasm)- Rakutuuma ja rakumembraani vahele jääv nn. protoplasma, kus asuvad kõik raku organellid (mitokondrid, vesiikulid, plastiidid jms.), v.a. tuum. 7. Modifikatsioonid 8. Geeni struktuur 9. Kromosoomid Rakk on elusorganismide põhiühik, tema sisekeskkond on väliskeskkonnast eraldatud membraaniga. Kromosoomid on raku struktuurid, mis koosnevad peamiselt DNA-st ja valkudest. Eukarüootidel asuvad kromosoomid kaksikmembraaniga ümbritsetud tuumas, prokarüootidel aga tuum puudub.
Transfection reagent Poly(ethylenimine) was the second polymeric transfection agent discovered, after poly-l-lysine. PEI condenses DNA into positively charged particles, which bind to anionic cell surface residues and are brought into the cell via endocytosis. Once inside the cell protonation of the amines results in an influx of counter-ions and a lowering of the osmotic potential. Osmotic swelling results and bursts the vesicle releasing the polymer-DNA complex (polyplex) into the cytoplasm. If the polyplex unpacks then the DNA is free to diffuse to the nucleus.] PEI is extremely cytotoxic, by two different mechanisms, the disruption of the cell membrane leading to necrotic cell death (immediate) and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane after internalisation leading to apoptosis (delayed). Esialgu tuleb vaadelda rakkud mikroskoobis ja hinnata nende seisukorra ja tiheduse. Rakud ei ole saastanud ega surnud. Rakkude tihedus on umbes 90%. Transfektsioonisegu ettevalmistamine:
A polycistronic mRNA is transcribed by the several structural genes of an operon. It contains several sites for initiating and terminating polypeptide synthesis. On the other hand all known eukaryotes have only one site for initiation of protein synthesis. Thus eukaryote mRNAs are monocistronic. In most bacterial mRNAs translation begins while the mRNA is still being transcribed on DNA. In eukaryotes the mRNA transcribed on the chromosomes passes through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm. Here it forms complexes with ribosomes, which synthesize proteins. Thus translation usually begins only after transcription is completed. 6. Kataboliitne aktivaator (CAP-valk) seondub: (1p) c. DNA-le ÕIGE 7. Võrrelge taime- ja loomarakku. 5 erinevust, 5 sarnasust. Loomarakul puudub 1) tsentraalvakuool 2) rakukest 3) plastiidid 4) rakkude vahel pole selliseid polüsahhariide nagu pektin, selle asemel kollageen 5) turgor
eksonite järjestused seotakse kovalentselt. 18. Valgusüntees rakkudes, tuum ja tsütoplasma Valgusüntees ehk valgu biosüntees on valkude moodustamise protsessrakkudes, milles osalevad RNAd ja ribosoomid. tuum (ingl. Nucleus)- Kromosoome, teatud valke (nt. transkriptsioonifaktorid) ja RNA-d sisaldav eukarüootse raku osa, mis on eraldatud tsütoplasmast kaksikmembraaniga. tsütoplasma (ingl. Cytoplasm)- Rakutuuma ja rakumembraani vahele jääv nn. protoplasma, kus asuvad kõik raku organellid (mitokondrid, vesiikulid, plastiidid jms.), v.a. tuum. 19.Geenide arv ja tihedus Geenide arv: mükoplasma: 517, E. coli: 4288, pärm: 6340, äädikakärbes: 13600, varbuss: 19000, inimene: 25000, müürlook: 27000, riis: 45000, mais: 50000 Geeni tihedus (bp/geen): mükoplasma: 500, E. coli: 1000, pärm: 1900, äädikakärbes: 9500, varbuss: 4900, inimene: 127900,
cells have different life spans / example ; no time for polysaccharide to accumulate in short lived cells ; number / role, of lysosomes not same in all cell types ; AVP ; 1 max (c) with Hunter’s syndrome, lysosomes / vesicles, might be larger ; more numerous ; have different shape ; stain differently ; AVP ; e.g. granular cytoplasm 1 max (d) (i) unaffected parents can have an affected child ; ora e.g. 3, 4, 8 / 11, 12, 16, 17 ; 1 max (ii) only males affected ; ora mothers pass it on ; ora on the X chromosome ; carrier women asymptomatic / dominant normal allele masks trait ;
channeled into the arginine deiminase activity environments, such as cured and fer- pathway. The genes encoding the proteins mented meat. Nine pathways involved in required for arginine catabolism in L. sakei osmoprotection, which contribute to the are organized in a cluster (Zúríga et al. 2002), accumulation of biocompatible solutes in the and their transcription is repressed by glucose cytoplasm, are present in S. carnous TM300. and induced by arginine. Arginine, in par- These include four proline transport systems; ticular, is an essential amino acid for L. sakei three glycine betaine transporters; one multi- and specifically promotes its growth in meat; component transporter for choline, glycine it is used as an energy source in the absence betaine, and carnitine; and one system for the of glucose (Champomier-Verges et al. 1999)
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