Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia is a former patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. Famous for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture. It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until the completion of the Seville Cathedral in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 A.D. on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian, and was in fact the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site. It was designed by two architects. Church contained a large collection of holy relics and featured, among other things, a 50 foot (15 m) silver iconostasis. It was the patriarchal church of the Patriarch of Constantinople and the religious focal point of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly 1000 years. In 1453 Sultan Mehmed II ordered the building to be converted into a mosque. The bells,
Via Latina katakomb Kolm meest ulises ahjus Priscilla katakomb Jeesus Alfa ja oomega Commodilla katakomb St. Sebastiani katakomb Hea karjane Domitilla katakomb Hea karjane, palvetavad figuurid, Joona lugu Priscilla katakomb Herakles Hesperidese aias Via Latina katakomb Samson ja lõukoer Via Latina katakomb Püha Paulus Praetextatuse katakomb Priscilla katakomb Kasutatud raamat ja viited: John Lowden ,,Early Christian and Byzantine Art" 1997 Phaidon Press Limited http://campus.belmont.edu/honors/catacombs/catacombs.htm http://www.jesuswalk.com/christian-symbols/
1984. aastal oli Muchal näitus Salon des Artistes Français`s, mille eest ta võitis ka aumedali. Samal aastal tegi ta oma Gismonda plakati Theatre de la Renaissance`ile Pariisis, millega ta murdis välja illustraatorite anonüümsest maailmast ja tõusis tuntud plakatidisainerite hulka. Plakat oli mõeldud Sarah Bernhardtile, kes mängis reklaamitavas etenduses pearolli ja oli ka teatri juhataja. Inspiratsiooni sai kunstnik Byzantine`i mosaiikidest ja kujutas elusuurusel plakatil Bernhardti suurejoonelise ja uhke kujuna, mis mõjus Pariisis seintel üllatavana. Teos meeldis näitlejale niivõrd, et ta tegi Muchaga kuueaastase koostöölepingu. Selle aja jooksul tegi kunstnik Bernhardtile veel kuus suurt plakatid, aga ka muljetavaldavaid teatridekoratsioone, ehteid ja kostüüme. Olles kuulsust kogunud, sai ta nüüd mitmeid uusi tööpakkumisi. Näiteks tegi ta postereid reklaamifirmadele nagu Job ja Moët et Chandon
allowed it to continue its Carthaginian-Punic institutions well into the Empire days, when it became an official Roman municipality. For this reason, Ibiza today offers excellent examples of late Carthaginian-Punic civilization. During the Roman Empire, the island became a quiet imperial outpost, removed from the important trading routes of the time. After the fall of the Roman empire and a brief period of first Vandal and then Byzantine rule, the island was conquered by the Moors, as well as much of the Iberian peninsula. Under Islamic rule, Ibiza came in close contact with the city of Dénia (the closest port in the nearby Iberian peninsula, located in the Valencian Community) as the two areas were administered jointly by the same taifa. Moreover, the tribes who lived in Ibiza and Denia during the period 10601085 were Moorish tribes named Bno-Alaglab & Bano- Mujahed.
Romans, which spared Ibiza from further destruction and allowed it to continue its CarthaginianPunic institutions well into the Empire days, when it became an official Roman municipality. For this reason, Ibiza today offers excellent examples of late CarthaginianPunic civilization. During the Roman Empire, the island became a quiet imperial outpost, removed from the important trading routes of the time. After the fall of the Roman empire and a brief period of first Vandal and then Byzantine rule, the island was conquered by the Moors, as well as much of the Iberian peninsula. Under Islamic rule, Ibiza came in close contact with the city of Dénia (the closest port in the nearby Iberian peninsula, located in the Valencian Community) as the two areas were administered jointly by the same taifa. Moreover, the tribes who lived in Ibiza and Denia during the period 10601085 were Moorish tribes named Bno Alaglab & BanoMujahed.
community. Umar ibn alKhattab, a prominent companion of Muhammad, nominated Abu Bakr, who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first caliph. This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and soninlaw, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task was to avenge a recent defeat by Byzantine (or Eastern Roman Empire) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the Ridda wars, or "Wars of Apostasy". The territory of the Caliphate in 750His death in 634 resulted in the succession of Umar as the caliph, followed by Uthman ibn alAffan and Ali ibn Abi Talib. These four are known as al khulaf' arrshidn ("Rightly Guided Caliphs"). Under them, the territory under Muslim rule expanded deeply into Persian and Byzantine territories.
tundmatuseni. Kristlus lõi varasema põhjal uued reeglid, asendas vana maailmapildi uuega, andis vanadele sümbolitele uued tähendused ja tõlgendused. 13 Allikad Calvalho de Magalhães, Roberto. (2005). Varakristlik ja Bütsantsi maalikunst. Väike raamat suurest kunstist. [Tallinn]: Sinisukk, lk 84 – 121. Lassus, Jean. (1966). The awakening. Constantine. The Early Christian and Byzantine World. London: Paul Hamlyn, lk 9 – 39. Onasch, Konrad; Schnieper, Annemarie. (2003). Kristliku kunsti algus. Sümbolite algupära ja tähendus. Ikoonid. Lummus ja tõelisus. Tallinn : Trak Pen, lk 9 – 29. Illustratsioonid Illustratsioon 1 (http://images.google.com/imgres? imgurl=http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/byzantine_hagiasophia.jpg&imgrefurl=http://facul ty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/f03/art105- 3
abbeys. Christian art was often typological in nature (see Medieval allegory), showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. Saints' lives were often depicted. Images of the Virgin Mary changed from the Byzantine iconic form to a more human and affectionate mother, cuddling her infant, swaying from her hip, and showing the refined manners of a well-born aristocratic courtly lady. Secular art came in to its own during this period with the rise of cities, foundation of universities, increase in
Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well. The Ostromir Gospels of 1056 is the second oldest East Slavic book known, one of many medieval illuminated manuscripts preserved in the Russian National Library. Dialectal differentiation accelerated after the breakup of Kievan Rus' in approximately 1100. On the territories of modern Belarus and Ukraine emerged Ruthenian and in modern Russia medieval Russian
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