Tartu peace treaty in 1920 First recognized by Finland on July 7, 1920 Member of the League of Nations in 1921 Parlament was established in 1934 First preseident Konstantin Päts Soviet Union Stalin Era Khrushchev era Brezhnev era Gorbachev era Living conditions Laws were rough Economy Deportation to Siberia Consequences Effect to economy Estonian and russian people in Estonia were mixed up Bad memories Restoration of independence Western democracies considered illegal the annexation of Estonia Movement for Estonian autonomy started in 1980's In 1989, the "Singing Revolution" Independence was declared on 20 August 1991 First recognized by Iceland Thank you for your attention!
Imperial German occupation and a war of independence with Russia. On 2 February 1920, the Tartu Peace Treaty was signed with Soviet Russia, wherein Russia acknowledged the independence of the Estonian Republic. Tallinn became the capital of an independent Estonia. After World War II started, Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1940, and later occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941–44. After Nazi retreat in 1944, it was occupied by the USSR again. After annexation into the Soviet Union, Tallinn became the capital of the Estonian SSR. In August 1991 an independent democratic Estonian state was re-established and a period of quick development to a modern European capital ensued. Tallinn became the capital of a de facto independent country once again on August 20, 1991. Historically, the city has been attacked, sacked, razed and pillaged on numerous occasions. Although extensively bombed by Soviet air forces during the latter stages of World War II, much
http://www.armenian- genocide.org/genocidefaq.html 27.04.2011 Dearborn. 1999. Fact Sheet: Armenian Genocide. http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/ facts/genocide.html 27.04.2011 Wikipedia. Armenian Genocide. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Genocide #Hamidian_Massacres. 2C_1894.E2.80.931896 27.04.2011 Wikipedia. Young Turk Revolution. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution 27.04.2011 Stjepanovi, D. The Young Turk Revolution and the 1908 Annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Balkanalysis. http://www.balkanalysis.com/blog/2006/04/25/the-young-turk-revolution-and- the-1908-annexation-of-bosnia-herzegovina/ 27.04.2011 Matossian, B, D. 1994. The Young Turk Revolution. Its Impact on Religious Politics of Jerusalem (1908-1912). Jerusalem quarterly. http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/images /ArticlesPdf/40_The_Young_Turk.pdf 27.04.2011 United Human Rights Council. Armenian Genocide. http://www.unitedhumanrights.org /genocide/armenian_genocide
Germans pillaged the country for the war effort and unleashed the Holocaust. Soviet forces reconquered Estonia in the autumn of 1944 after fierce battles in the northeast of the country on the Narva river and on the Tannenberg Line. Tens of thousands of people chose to eighter retreat together with the Germans or flee to Finland or Sweden, becoming war refugees and later, expatriates. The United States, United Kingdom and the majority of other western democracies considered the annexation of Estonia by USSR illegal. They retained diplomatic relations with the representatives of the independent Respublic of Estonia, never recognized Estonia as a legal constituent part of Soviet Union. Estonia's return to independence became possible as the Soviet Union ran into economic dufficulties as a consequence of the Cold War and began to disintegrate. As te situation evolved, a movement for more Estonian selfgovernance started.
LOT and the Finnish company Aero (now Finnair). Tallinn's zoo established in 25.08.1939 and based on the edge of Kadriorg Park. 5 Occupation time (1940-1991) After World War II started, Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1940, and later occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941-44. After Nazi retreat in 1944, it was occupied by the USSR again. After annexation into the Soviet Union, Tallinn became the capital of the Estonian SSR. The most devastating raid was the Soviet raid during the evening and night of the March 9, 1944. During the raid, 463 people were killed, 659 were wounded, 20,000 were left homeless. 10% of the buildings in Old Town and 40% living spaces were destroyed. There had heavily inyuried Estonia theatre and Harju gate. On September 25, 1944, remains of two Soviet soldiers were buried at the center of the hill
economic relations. For instance during the time between the wars, approximately 30% of Estonia's exports went to the UK. The other big English speaking country, United States recognised the Republic of Estonia on 28 July 1922. The first Estonian diplomatic mission in the United States was opened in the same year. The Second World War and the occupation of Estonia resulted in loss of contacts. Most English speaking countries never recognized Estonia's annexation in 1940. During the years of Soviet occupation the embassy in the United States continued its activities from 1940 to 1991. The US government recognised Estonia's diplomatic mission as the legal representative of the Republic of Estonia. This recognition of the legal continuity of the Republic of Estonia is nowadays seen as one of the cornerstones of Estonian-US relations. The occupation of Estonia and the migration of refugees from Estonia opened a new form of contacts
No less than what Js suffered. Makes Russ appear genocidal. Russia or SU, interior provinces 9/10 X just in Euro Russ, Tambov, Kazan, Nizhni Novgorod, Rostov. Oil from Baku before, Rothschilds. E of Urals, eksotic, unimportant until 60s and 70s, start hitting oil. Russia today couldn't survive w/o E oil and minerals, like magnesium, titanium. Were Russians in living in Ukraine, Caucasus, other areas before SU? 11 March Js in Crimea, more interested in Russia. Some for Russia, but don't want annexation. Diplomatic solution. Many sides. Propaganda Ukrainian roots to village. Current female leader, hair style. 1950s, Khrushchev granted Criemea to Ukraine. Social- demo reasons, not political? W Ukrainians started to flow to Crim, judeo-phobes. 1833 colonization, Tatars fleeing. Many other nationalities coming, including Estonians, Shveitzarim, Bulgars, Germans, Russ, Js, others. Part of New Russia, invited by govt. Crimea became a sort of Riviera. Great writers wrote about it;
the Estonian University Student Association. During the following years the blueblackwhite flag became a national symbol. The Provisional Government of Estonia adopted a resolution on the 21st of November, 1918, proclaiming the blueblackwhite flag the state flag. The Law on State Flag was adopted by the Parliament (Riigikogu) on the 27 th of June, 1922.After the forcible annexation of Estonia by the Soviet Union in June, 1940, this flag was banned. In 1987/88, during the days of the "singing revolution", or the process of regaining independence, the blueblackwhite flag was used openly as a national symbol. On the 24th of February, 1989, the blueblackwhite national flag of Estonia was flown from the tower of Pikk Hermann. 23 June Victory Day Võidupüha or Victory Day is a public holiday in Estonia, which has been celebrated on 23 June every year since 1934
richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a pluricontinental nation and not as a colonial empire. After India attained independence in 1947, pro-Indian residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, with the support of the Indian government and the help of pro-independence organisations, invaded the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli from Portuguese rule in 1954. In 1961, São João Baptista de Ajudá's annexation by the Republic of Dahomey was the start of a process that led to the final dissolution of the centuries-old Portuguese Empire.According to the census of 1921 São João Baptista de Ajudá had 5 inhabitants and, at the moment of the ultimatum by the Dahomey Government, it had only 2 inhabitants representing Portuguese Sovereignty. Another forcible retreat from overseas territories occurred in December 1961 when Portugal refused to relinquish the territories of Goa, Daman and Diu
Maories recognised british sovereignty for guaranteed posession of the land. New Zealand became a separate colony, from Australian Several wars between settlers and Maoris Gold was discovered In 20 C New Zealand was given dominion status, 1947 full independence The British expansion in South Africa In late 15 C Portuguese reached the Cape of Good Hope In 17 C permanent colony, Cape colony, by the Dutch 1814 British annexation was formalized. Slave trade and slavery was abolished by Act of Parliament First Boer republic founded Diamonds and gold found Wars between british and Boers The great Trek and the foundation of the two independent Boer republic In about 19 C many Voortrekkers, dutch origin people who live in South Afrika, the Afrikaners moved out of British Cape Colony Their Great Trek- journey by ox wagon, a sign of discontent with the English authorities who
He thought President McKinley's claim that it was America's duty to "civilize and Christianize" the Filipinos was "hogwash" and "pious hypocrisy," and he was keenly aware of the racism that drove the debates--exemplified by Pennsylvania's Representative Henry Dickinson Green's declaration that he opposed a citizenship for Filipinos because "We cannot make them white. We cannot make them like our citizens." Twain also recognized the damage annexation could do to our national reputation. By 1899 Mark Twain was very much a citizen of the world, and he knew that all eyes were on the U.S. as it pondered whether or not to annex. Opinions varied. Rudyard Kipling, speaking for the imperialists, urged the U.S. to "take up the white man's burden" and help Britain spread western civilization around the world, while Europeans sneered that the Americans, who had berated them for dividing Africa and Asia among themselves, had fallen at the first
Nürnberg trial or Tokyo Aggression - is the use of armed force by a State against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of another State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Charter of the United Nations, as set out in this Definition. The invasion or attack by the armed forces of a State of the territory of another State, or any military occupation, however temporary, resulting from such invasion or attack, or any annexation by the use of force of the territory of another State or part thereof, Bombardment by the armed forces of a State against the territory of another State or the use of any weapons by a State against the territory of another State; The blockade of the ports or coasts of a State by the armed forces of another State; An attack by the armed forces of a State on the land, sea or air forces, or marine and air fleets of another State;
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