Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases Table of Contents Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases ........................................................... 2 Types of Adverbs ..................................................................................... 2 Position of Adverbs.................................................................................. 4 Yet, still, already ....................................................................................... 6 Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases
mark ( ! ) : What a beautiful day! Do your homework at once! Parts of the Sentence The basic parts of the sentence are: THE SUBJECT (WHO? WHAT?) , THE PREDICATE (does, is doing, has done, etc – action/statement), THE OBJECT (WHO/WHAT is the action/statement directed at?) : Marion (who?) has a boy-friend (who?). She (who?) likes to read books (what?). The earth (what?) is a planet (what?). Besides, there are: THE ATTRIBUTE (WHAT?/WHAT KIND?) and THE ADVERBIAL (WHEN? - adverbial modifier of time/WHERE? – adverbial modifier of place/ HOW? – adverbial modifier of manner) Attributes modify nouns and stand in front of them. Adverbials modify verbs and usually stand behind them: This girl has a beautiful smile. This girl smiles beautifully. Attributes are usually adjectives but sometimes nouns as well: This is an interesting (adjective) story. The kitchen ( noun) door is locked. 2
They recovered roughly half their equipment. Virtually all the students participated in the discussion. Modifier of particles, prepositional adverbs, and prepositions- The nail went right through the wall. He made his application well within the time. He knocked the man right out. Her parents are dead against the trip. Adverbs as complements of preposition over here, near here, from abroad, till then Adverbs as an adverbial Adjuncts – When an adverb is nicely integrated into a sentence. For example: Slowly they walked back home. He spoke to me about it briefly. Subjuncts – Expresses a condition or hypothesis and it can make other clause elements more intense or diminish the weight. For example: We haven’t yet finished. Would you kindly wait for me.
(formal, rather archaic)
The present subjunctive can be used in subordinate clauses:
- clauses of condition and concession
(Even) if that be the official view, it cannot be accepted.
affected by an action. (cf. Indirect object) indirect object kaudsihitis Refers to the indirect recipient or beneficiary of an The teacher (S) gave (V) the pupils action which has a direct recipient. An indirect object (IO) some homework (DO). (IO) always co-occurs with a direct object (DO). adverbial, adverbial määrus, adverbiaal Any word, phrase or clause that functions like an A dog quickly ate my homework in modifier adverb (refers to e.g. manner, place, time). the living room yesterday. apposition lisand, apositsioon A relationship between two linguistic elements (usually My boss, the woman in green, used noun phrases) which have identical reference
substantiiv- substantiivifraas ehk noomenifraas= NP Omadussõna e. adjektiiv- AP Tegusõna e. verb- VP Määrsõna e- adverb- AdvP Arvsõna ehk numeraal- QP Asesõna e. pronoomen Määrsõna e. kvantor- QP Abisõna (näiteks artiiklid) Lauseliikmed ja nende tüüpilisemad väljendajad: Alus e. subjekt Öeldis e. predikaat Sihitis e. object Öeldistäide e. predikatiiv Määrus e. adverbial Täiend e. atribuut Semantilised rollid Lause tähendusliku, verbi juurde kuuluvad osad: Agent- on tavaliselt väljendatud subjektiga, kuid võib olla ka eri liiki määrus Patsient Kogeja- võib olla subjekt või määrus Saaja Instrument Asukoht Lähtekoht Sihtkoht Põhjus Lauseliikmed ja rollid ei ole üks-üheselt omavahel seotud. Süntaktilised seosed Teose tasandid: 1. Rinnastuv 2
g. "A nice, mild, kind, pleasant gentleman"). Semantically epithets are classified into: metaphorical (based on metaphor: e.g. "soft smile") and transferred elements (the quality of one thing is transferred to its nearest neighbour (e.g. "He was tossing on the sleepless pillow." actually he was sleepless and not the pillow). 2. Oxymoron is a combination of 2 words (attributive and adverbial), the meaning of which clash (e.g.: living corpse, shout silently). If repeated frequently, an oxymoron may lose its stylistic quality and become a colloquial phrase (e.g. awfully nice). The function of oxymoron is to stress, to bring out contradictory notions (e.g. an old young man). 3. Hyperbole is used to evoke an emotional response, irony, humor. Hyperbole is an exaggeration not to be taken literally. Through
Semantically epithets are classified into metaphorical (based on metaphor: e.g. "soft smile") and transferred elements (the quality of one thing is transferred to its nearest neighbour (e.g. "He was tossing on the sleepless pillow." actually he was sleepless and not the pillow; "He shrewd his indifferent shoulders."; "He raised an interested hand."). 2. Oxymoron is a combination of two words (attributive and adverbial), the meaning of which clash (e.g.: living corpse, calm nervous laughter, shout silently. Other patterns are less frequent: doomed to liberty). If repeated frequently, an oxymoron may lose its stylistic quality and become a colloquial phrase (e.g. awfully nice). The function of oxymoron is to stress, to bring out contradictory notions (e.g. an old young man). 3. Hyperbole is used to evoke an emotional response, irony, humor
style. Simile--a figure of speech that draws comparison between 2 different things in 1 or more aspects. If two similar things are compared, it is not a simile (The moon is like a woman rising from a tomb). Similes have following elements: · like, as, as if (traditional) · negative forms (you are not so unkind as man's ingratitude) · degrees of comparison (he has no more idea of money than a cow) · an adverbial phrase containing prepositional phrase, answering question how (with the quickness of a cat she climbed up) · Certain verbs that imply comparison (he reminded me of a lonely cat, he resembles a hungry lion) Some similes have turned into set expressions (as blind as a bat, to smoke like a chimney) Euphemism--a variety of periphrasis (a mild expression for a harsh one). It describes an offensive notion by and inoffensive one. (Death--the journey's end, dream-sleep,
just force labels; they have internal grammatical structure and their parts have their own meanings and referential properties.) So why, then, would we get to pretend that those parts of the sentences do not exist, and read the locutionary meaning out from under them? It gets worse. As it turns out, the idea that performative prefaces are merely force labels is simply untenable. For such prefaces can have a lot of structure. For example, they can contain adverbial modifiers. Long adverbial modifiers. 152 Pragmatics and speech acts (15a) I admit freely that I had several private conversations with the defendant. (15b) I admit with reluctance that I had several . . . . [Notice that "with reluctance" modifies "admit," not "had several . . . ."] (15c) I admit gladly and with the greatest pleasure that I had . . . . (15d) Because I am concerned to tell the whole truth, I admit that I . . . .
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