· For a penny, less wealthy spectators, called groundlings, could stand in the yard · The yard was open to the sky, and the stage was lit by daylight · Performances were given in mid-afternoon before an audience of about 2000 · No curtain rose to indicate the start of the play or fell to signal the close of an act · To begin the play, actors entered by one of the two doors at the rear of the stage, and when they left the stage, the scene was over · Costumes in the Shakespearean theatre were always colourful and elaborate versiond of Elizabethan modern dresses · Scenery was almost non-existent: one tree might signify a forest; a chair might represent a throne room · The plays moved at a rapid speed · Elizabethan actors spoke their lines quicklier than modern performers · No woman appeared at the stage; women's and children's roled were played by boys who were skilful and highly trained
·Macbeth Lucrece ·As You Like It ·Othello ·Twelfth Night ·Romeo and Juliet Facts about Shakespeare · Almost four hundred years after Shakespeare's death there are 157 million pages referring to him on Google · Shakespeare was often self-loathing, bitter, and even homoerotic · All Uranus' satellites are named after Shakespearean characters · Shakespeare performed in many of his own plays · Shakespeare never actually published any of his plays. They are known today only because two of his fellow actors John Hemminges and Henry Condell · more than 80 variations recorded for the spelling of Shakespeare's name. (for example: Shappere, Shaxberd) Interesting facts · The Globe burned to the ground on June 29, 1613, set fire by a cannon shot during
3. The Spenserian stanza 9 lines: 8 iambic pentametres followed by 1 iambic hexametre (6 feet): a b a b b c b c c. 4. Ottava rima 8 iambic pentametres (5 feet): a b a b a b c c. 5. Rhyme Royal 7 iambic pentametres (5 feet): a b a b b c c. 6. Terza rima written in triplets iambic pentametres: aba bcb cdc. 7. Sonnet 14 iambic pentametres (5 feet), difference (Italian Shakespearean) is a matter of rhyme. 8. Limerick funny poem of 5 anapaestic lines (x x /): a a b b a. 5 kinds of feet in English verse: 1. iambic iambus (1 unstressed and 1 stressed syllable) x / 2. trochaic trochee (the stressed syllable is followed by the unstressed one) /x 3. dactylic dactyl (1 stressed syllable is followed by 2 unstressed) /xx 4
movie and it gave away the meaning of the book pretty well. The storyteller explaines in the beginning that Harry likes to play with people. Not good. The novel has no reference to Dorian being painted with an Egyptian goddess shaped like a cat who could grant his wish, as the film has. Appears throughout the whole movie. Girls signs the painting- Glaidis, Basils niece. Dorian stole her heart. Also important in later recognising the corpse. In Wilde's original, Sybil Vane is a Shakespearean actress whom Dorian observes playing Juliet, rather than the gifted dance-hall singer seen in this film. This necessitates altering Dorian's motive for breaking up with her. In the novel, her acting has become shallow as a result of really falling in love with Dorian, and his sense of illusion has been dissipated. In the film, she reacts poorly to his confessions of sensual temptations, which dismays him. Dorian woos her at first wit his looks and also his piano playing (Prelude)
Liverpool). One of the largest art festivals is held in Birmingham and is called Artsfest. The artistic talents being showcased range from classical music and song to traditional dancing and stand-up comedy. This festival is usually held in September. Theatre is another very important part of the English culture and is, in fact, one of the reasons people visit the country. Theatrical shows, such as Cats, The Lion King and The Phantom of the Opera, are modern reflections of the ancient Shakespearean productions that once graced the English stages. Today, shows in London remain one of England's primary tourist attractions. England has been the birthplace of a number of incredible musical artists too. Music remains a very important part of this country's culture. Styles range from the orchestral genius of Manchester, Birmingham and Bournemouth to timeless favourites like Blur, Oasis, David Bowie, The Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, The Beatles, Coldplay and Lily Allen. The Birmingham
Claudius is ultimately too crafty for his own good. In Act V, scene ii, rather than allowing Laertes only two methods of killing Hamlet, the sharpened sword and the poison on the blade, Claudius insists on a third, the poisoned goblet. When Gertrude inadvertently drinks the poison and dies, Hamlet is at last able to bring himself to kill Claudius, and the king is felled by his own cowardly machination. Gertrude Few Shakespearean characters have caused as much uncertainty as Gertrude, the beautiful Queen of Denmark. The play seems to raise more questions about Gertrude than it answers, including: Was she involved with Claudius before the death of her husband? Did she love her husband? Did she know about Claudius's plan to commit the murder? Did she love Claudius, or did she marry him simply to keep her high station in Denmark?
before his death. "Christ in the House of his Parents" (1850) - the holy family with radical realism. Very brown colours. The critics disliked the painting because it showed the Christ's family as it was ordinary. His reputation was saved by the intervention of Ruskin who was also a critic bud who defended him. The publicity excited by the painting provoked Queen Victoria into requesting a private viewing. Her opinion is not known. "Ophelia" ( 1852) oil on canvas- many Shakespearean allusions(vihjed)- for example the rose in her hand implies to his brother Laertes (because he had discribed her as the rose of may). Millais spent a lot of time studying the exact stream and how the trees shed light on it. His model was Elizabeth Siddal who was later Rossetti's wife. She had to pose fully dressed in a bath-tub and caught cold because of it. Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828 82) Painter and a poet. He was gifted with a great imagination. He grew up in a literary
James U of Scotland used it in his "King's Quair" · Terza rima is a verse written in triplets, lines being iambic pentameters with the rhyme scheme a b a b c b c d c and so on ending with a couplet to avoid one word unrhymed (Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" · Sonnet is a poem that originated in Italy and was adopted in England in the 16 th century. There are 2 types of English sonnets--Petrarchan (Italian) and Shakespearean (English). Both contain fourteen iambic pentameters. The difference is in the rhyme. 1. Italian sonnet falls into the octave (a b b a a b b a) and the sestette (2 or 3 rhymes, their order is various- c d e d e c, c d c d c d, c c d e e d, etc. 2. Shakespearean sonnet consists of 2 quatrains, followed by a rhyming couplet. The rhyming scheme is a b a b c d c d e f e f g g . Usually the last 2 lines are epigrammatic in character.
g. brownish). Together with nouns ish forms adjectives that are negative: doggish, sheepish, childish, etc. The negative colouring is even greater with compound stems (e.g. honeymoonish, etc.). Exception: the words "boyish" and "girlish" do not have negative evaluation. Suffixes may be added to proper names. The suffix ish- adds a negative colouring. The suffixes ien and ean render the name as lofty (e.g. Shakespearean); suffix esque- possesses positive connotation. The main noun forming suffixes that render negative evaluation are: -ard- (e.g. coward, drunkard, etc.), -ster- (e.g. gangster, hipster, oldster, etc.), -eer- (e.g. rocketeer, profiteer, blackmarketeer, etc.), semi affix: -monger (e.g. war-monger, panic-monger, etc.), Suffixes of young people slang are: -o- (e.g. kiddo (kid), oldo (old), coppo (cop), etc.); other:
Vowel Tautology Spenserian stanza Consonant Polysyndeton Ottava rima Compound Inversion Sonnet: Eye-rhyme Detachment Italian Internal Antithesis Shakespearean Head r. Chiasmus Blank verse Couplet r. Anaphora Limerick Cross r. Epiphora Accented verse Frame r. Climax Monometer Lexical SD Anticlimax Dimeter Metaphor: Suspense Trimeter
the rights they feel they have as young adults. Not surprisingly, again, imposing tra- ditional parental authority at these times is often counterproductive; teenagers will sneak, scheme, and fight to resist such attempts at control. Nothing illustrates the boomerang quality of parental pressure on adolescent behavior quite so clearly as a phenomenon known as the "Romeo and Juliet effect." As we know, Romeo Montague and Juliet Capulet were the ill-fated Shakespearean characters whose love was doomed by a feud between their families. Defying all parental attempts to keep them apart, the teenagers won a lasting union in their tragic act of twin suicide, an ultimate assertion of free will. The intensity of the couple's feelings and actions has always been a source of wonderment and puzzlement to observers of the play. How could such inordinate devotion develop so quickly in a pair so young? A romantic might suggest rare and
young hero who gradually gathers his will and strikes back. One of my first assignments, after having read the "King of the Jungle" treat ment, was to read Hamlet carefully and draw out elements we could use in our script. I did a Hero's Journey analysis of the Hamlet plot to illustrate its turning points and movements, and then listed many of its memorable lines which the writers could use to playfully evoke the Shakespearean connection. T h e Disney animated films were conceived to work for all levels of the audience, with physical gags for the youngest kids, irreverent verbal wit and action for teenagers, and sophisticated inside jokes for the adults. Some of Shakespeare entered the script, especially through the character of Scar, the villain, voiced by the English actor Jeremy Irons. H e delivered twisted H a m l e t references in droll and ironic fashion, with a knowing wink to the grown-up audience.
more ground but is less understandable. Other works deal with aspects of the subject. Barbara W. Tuchman recounts the political effects of the most important cryptogram solution in history in The Zimmermann Telegram (1958, reprinted Macmillan, 1966, 244 pages). Ladislas Farago's The Broken Seal (Random House, 1967, 441 pages) tells about the development, theft, and solution of Japanese cryptosystems before Pearl Harbor. William F. and Elizebeth S. Friedman's The Shakespearean Ciphers Examined (Cambridge University Press, 1957, 303 pages) is a witty expose of the kooks who "decipher" false authorship claims of Francis Bacon from Shakespeare's plays. And Raymond T. Bond has collected sixteen of the 458 better short stories involving a cryptogram, including those by Poe, A. Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie, and O. Henry, in his Famous Stories of Code and Cipher (1947, reprinted Collier Books, 1965, 383 pages).
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