(ETC) increased lactic acid production. · The above due to both lack of O 2 and the recruitment of fast twitch fibres. · Lactic acid lactate diffuses into blood for buffering and rapid removal. Lactic Acid as an Energy Source · Lactic acid allows high rates of ATP production for short duration (2-3 minutes). · As exercise intensity slows or during recovery sufficient O2 available again NAD scavenges H+ from lactate and takes it to the ETC lactate reconverts to pyruvate to join oxidative system. Cont... · Lactate helps the dissociation of O 2 from haemoglobin · At higher intensities of exercise lactate production outstrips the cell's removal capacity, thus accumulation occurs. Cont... · Endurance trained: lower blood lactate concentrations than untrained individuals at both the same relative and absolute intensity. Due to either a delay in the onset of lactate
http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00030+4.1.2.13 Inositol metabolism http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00031+4.1.2.13 Fructose and mannose metabolism http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00051+4.1.2.13 Carbon fixation http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00710+4.1.2.13 Püruvaatkinaas: Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00010+4.1.2.13 Purine metabolism http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00230+2.7.1.40 Pyruvate metabolism http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00620+2.7.1.40 Carbon fixation http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map00710+2.7.1.40 Insulin signaling pathway http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map04910+2.7.1.40 Type II diabetes mellitus http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/show_pathway?map04930+2.7.1.40 d. Leida vastavate geenidega seotud ensüümide klassid, aminohappelised järjestused, EC number. Aldolaas: EC 4.1.2.13 Class Lyases
. Nimetada märgitud intermediaadid . Nimetada ensüümid, mis katalüüsivad märgitud reaktsioone 24. Kirjutada tsitraaditsükli protsesside summaarne võrrand 25. Defineerida, mis on anaplerootiline reaktsioon Anaplerootilised reaktsioonid on need reaktsioonid, mille käigus tuuakse juurde tsükli vaheühendeid. 26. Nimetada kõige olulisem tsitraaditsükli anaplerootiline reaktsioon inimese organismis Püruvaadi tootmine pyruvate + CO2 + H2O + ATP -------- oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi + 2H+ 27. Nimetada milliste reaktsioonide tõttu (tuua 3 näidet) võib tekkida vajadus juurde sünteesida tsitraaditsükli vaheühendeid 28. Selgitada, miks ei saa AcCoA molekuli atsetüüli koosseisus oleva süsiniku arvel sünteesida suhkruid kuigi tsitraaditsükli vaheühendid on glükoneogeneetilised substraadid 29
energy system, requires oxygen to operate, through the oxidative phosphorylation or and that oxygen is supplied by the blood through anaerobic glycolysis (Fig. 1.1). One supply to the muscle and by the oxygen trans- of the key steps in the fate of glycogen is porter, myoglobin. It has been estimated that whether or not an intermediate to the process, in working muscle, the myoglobin is some- pyruvate, enters the mitochondria to be where in the neighborhood of 50% saturated. completely broken down to CO2 and H2O Under conditions of extreme hypoxia (as (yielding 38 mol of ATP per mole of oxidized found in postmortem muscle), oxygen sup- glucose-1-P produced from glycogen or plies are depleted because blood flow is not 36 mol if the initial substrate is glucose), sufficient (or does not exist), and myoglobin or if it ends in lactate via the anaerobic gly-
BUT WHAT ABOUT CARDIO? Think you need to hit the stationary bike or run to maintain or improve aerobic capacity? This isn't always the case. Doug McGuff MD explains: If you are intent on improving your aerobic capacity, it's important to understand that your aerobic system performs at its highest when recovering from lactic acidosis. After your high-intensity workout, when your metabolism is attempting to reduce the level of pyruvate in the system, it does so through the aerobic subjugation of metabolism ... since muscle is the basic mechanical system being served by the aerobic system, as muscle strength improves, the necessary support systems (which includes the aerobic system) must follow suit. If you're a sprinter or marathoner, can you prepare with weight training alone? Of course not. But, if you're a noncompetitive athlete looking to avoid cardiovascular disease, do you need to
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