RA haigestumus · Sooline erinevus · Östrogeen TNF RA patogenees · Autoimmuunhaigus, võtmeprobleem T- lümfotsüütide tolerantsuse düsregulatsioon · Autoantikehade teke aastaid enne artriidi avaldumist · Anti-CCP (antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides) filagriini, keratiini, fibrinogeeni, vimentiini vastu · RF (rheumatoid factor) IgG vastu · 75% IgM · Sünoviaalkest hüpertrofeerub, tekib pannus granulomatoosne kude, mis on tekitatud fibroblastide proliferatsioonist ja milles on arvukalt põletikuliste rakkude infiltraatidega ümbritsetud väikesi veresooni. · Luu kahjustus kujuneb hiljem RA kliiniline pilt
muscle type. It is important to note that the There are numerous non-protein nitroge- lipid content varies inversely with the water nous compounds in skeletal muscle. They content (Callow 1948). Some lipid is stored include substances such as creatine and cre- inside the muscle cell; however, within a atine phosphate, nucleotides (ATP, ADP), muscle, the bulk of the lipid is found between free amino acids, peptides (anserine, carno- muscle bundles (groupings of muscle cells). sine), and other non-protein substances. Average lipid content of skeletal muscle is about 3% of the muscle weight, but the range Muscle Structure can be as much as 1–13% (U.S. Department of Agriculture 2008). In skeletal muscle, Skeletal muscle has a very complex organi-
OXIDATIVE STRESS – imbalance between the level of free radicals (R*) and anti- oxidants, where (R*) dominate. It may lead to cell membrane damage and cell death, also in the brain. PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – A part of the autonomic nervous system concerned with the conservation of the body’s energy and resources during relaxed states. PARIETAL LOBE – One of the four subdivisions of the cerebral cortex*. It plays a role in sensory processes, attention and language. PEPTIDES – Chemical substances made of larger number of amino acid* molecules (up to 99) and often biologically active (e.g. hormones*, neurotrophic factors*). PERIPRHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS) - Neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord; includes axons of sensory and motor neurones innervating the periphery. PHOSPHORYLATION – A process of attaching a phosphate group to a molecule of, for instance, a protein which makes an enzyme* or a receptor*. It leads to a change in
Fig. 7: A schematic representation of zone electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and isotachophoresis Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) Because of their ease of use and versatile applications CZE is the most commonly used method which is primarily used for the separation of small watersoluble molecules. It is used in the analysis of amino acids, peptides, and ions of various enantiomers (optically active compounds) and many other ionic compounds. CZE it is the simplest form of HECE (High Efficiency Capillary Electrophoresis) as capillary filled only with buffer. Separation of materials into discrete zones is due to migration at different speeds. The electroosmotic flow (EOF) makes possible the separation of both cations and anions
kompartmendis happeliste, pH-sõltuvate endosomaalsete ja lüsosomaalsete ensüümide poolt ja need kombineeruvad MHC klass II molekulidega CD4+ Th rakkudele esitlemiseks. Professional APCs specialize in presenting antigen to T cells. They are very efficient at internalizing antigens, either by phagocytosis (macrophages and dendritic cells) or by receptor-mediated endocytosis (B cells), processing the antigen into peptide fragments and then displaying those peptides, bound to a class II MHC molecule, on their membrane. Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all nucleated cell types in the body. They use an MHC class I molecule coupled to beta-2 microglobulin to display endogenous peptides on the cell membrane. 18. T rakkude areng. Positiivne ja negatiivne selektsioon tüümuses. AIRE. MHC restriktsioon. Rakkude populatsioonid tüümuses (FACS analüüs hiire tüümusest). T rakk (/) tunneb ära ainult lineaarseid peptiidseid epitoope, mis on
or off, thereby adapting their repertoire of proteins to meet current needs. Such control of gene activity depends on DNA-binding proteins called transcription factors, which bind to DNA and act as switches, either activating or re- pressing transcription of particular genes. The activities of many transcription factors are indirectly regulated by binding of extracellular proteins and peptides to cell-surface receptors. These receptors activate intracel- lular signal transduction pathways that regulate specific transcription factors through a variety of mechanisms. · Transposoon - A segment of DNA that is capable of independently replicating itself and inserting the copy into a new position within the same or another chromosome or plasmid. Transposons act somewhat similarly to viruses and in humans are an underlying
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