Chaplin's first directed picture. · As an independent filmmaker he made comedies like "The Circus", "The Gold Rush", "Modern Times" and many others. The Kid · The Kid is a 1921 American silent comedy-drama film written by, produced by, directed by and starring Charlie Chaplin. · This was Chaplin's first full- length movie. It was a huge success, and was the second- highest grossing film in 1921. The Great Dictator · The film was an act of defiance against Nazism. · Chaplin played the role of "Adenoid Hynkel" · The film was nominated for Academy awards for Best Picture (producer), Best Original Screenplay (writer) and Best Actor. Quotes · "I am for people. I can't help it." · "I remain just one thing, and one thing only, and that is a clown. It places me on a far higher plane than any politician." · "Failure is unimportant. It takes courage to make a fool of yourself." · "A day without laughter is a day wasted
In crime fiction, chaos in the beginning, but order and also balance restored through the work of the intellect. Stock market crash took in America in 1929, spread to Europe – the 1930s and the Great Depression. Mass unemployment, Nazism, fascism in Europe, Stalin – people feared these powers. Many authors politically active (for instance Aldous Huxley). Much of the literature of the 1930s is very bleak and pessimistic. Topics: questions of class and sexual repression
Mis probleeme tõstatab sellest tulenevalt Herbert Marcuse? The Frankfurt School gathered together dissident Marxists, severe critics of capitalism who believed that some of Marx's followers had come to parrot a narrow selection of Marx's ideas, usually in defense of orthodox Communist or Social-Democratic parties. Influenced especially by the failure of working-class revolutions in Western Europe after World War I and by the rise of Nazism in an economically and technologically advanced nation (Germany), they took up the task of choosing what parts of Marx's thought might serve to clarify social conditions that Marx himself had never seen. Herbert Marcuse- Kuna ühiskond on Marcuse arvates (ja teiste arvates) inimeste loodud, tuleb sellesse kriitiliselt suhtuda.. Ehk: 1. milline teadmine saab sellest pettekujutelmast (objektide maailm kui loomulik maailm) läbi tunguda? 2
inderterminacy and gaps to make the connection possible. Gaps-places in a text- require reader's imagination, thinking ability. Allusions, symbols, metaphors, digression, rhetorical question, open endings. Balance is the key. Too many gaps in Modernist texts. Fiction as a way of finding order in chaotic world. Aggravating political and economic situation. A reflection of the general condition in Europe and America. 1929-stock market crash. 1930's-great depression. Mass unemployment in Britain, nazism in germany, fascism in italy, terror in stalinist russia. Fear of both fascism and stalinism. A turn in the mood, aesthetic programme, moral convictions and public taste. The Golden Age of the detective story. 1920 Agatha Christie's first novel (out of 80). The Mysterious Affair of Styles. Belgian private detective Hercule Poirot. 1926-1939-most famous crime stories. Crime wave after WWI. A renewed interest in crime fiction. A general tiredness with high intellectual demands of high modernism
17 Dessa författare kom inte bara att förnya romanens miljö och form, utan också organisera sig runt små egna förlag och stötta varandra i utgivningen, vilket till en början gjorde dem till utmanare till de stora bokförlagen. Över tid blev de dock alltmer etablerade och upptagna i den högre kulturkrets där storförlagen fanns. De förblev dock socialt och politiskt engagerade, och gjorde ställningstaganden mot nazism och fascism som förekom under kriget. Det sociala engagemanget kom av deras bakgrund som också blivit deras litterära miljö. Vilhelm Moberg skrev sin realistiska prosa om bönderna medan Jan Fridegård, Moa Martinson och Ivar Lo- Johansson skrev om statarna och deras hårda livsvillkor. Många av autodidakternas verk räknas som svenska klassiker. Moa Martinsons Kvinnor och äppelträd, Mobergs utvandrarepos, Ivar Lo-Johanssons Godnatt, jord och Fridegårds böcker om Lars Hård är
title of any institution, and the main thinkers of the Frankfurt School did not use the term to describe themselves. The Frankfurt School gathered together dissident Marxists, severe critics of capitalism who believed that some of Marx's followers had come to parrot a narrow selection of Marx's ideas, usually in defense of orthodox Communist or Social-Democratic parties. Influenced especially by the failure of working-class revolutions in Western Europe after World War I and by the rise of Nazism in an economically and technologically advanced nation (Germany), they took up the task of choosing what parts of Marx's thought might serve to clarify social conditions that Marx himself had never seen. Mõjutajad: Max Weber, Sigmund Freud. Their emphasis on the "critical" component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism, crude materialism, and phenomenology
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