Ti+3 titanium (III) Sc+3 scandium +4 all elements in IVA exhibit the +4 state, but some in IVA exhibit more than one state C+4 carbon Sn+4 tin (IV), stannic +4 +4 Si silicon Pb lead (IV), plumbic Ge+4 germanium Ti+4 titanium (IV) Mn+4 manganese (IV) -1 all the halogens exhibit the -1 state; several exhibit + states in covalent compounds F-1 fluoride I-1 iodide -1 Cl chloride H-1 hydride Br-1 bromide -2 all the chalcogens exhibit the -2 state for ionic compounds; several exhibit + states in covalent compounds
-Betuliinhape, mis on looduslik antiseptik (tõrjub viirusinfektsioone, malaariavastase toimega, HIV-vastase toimega, põletikke raviv ning omab immuunomodulaatori omadusi). Mõjub vähirakkude kasvule, olles tsütotoksiliste omadustega. - Beetaglukaanid (leitud, et aitab kopsu- ja rinnavähi puhul) - Lanostanoidi tripenoidid (alandavad kolesterooli, parandavad seedimist, puhastavad maksa ja aitavad hepatiidi puhul, köha ja astma puhul. - Melaniin (parandab juuste, naha ja silmade olukorda) - Germanium (aitab puhastada verd, normaliseerib vererõhku ja on hea igasuguste kasvajate ärahoidmiseks) - Ksülogalaktoglukaan - Inositool - Inotidiool - Laktoniit - Saponiinid - Lingiin - D2-, B1-, B2- ja B3-vitamiinid - Mineraalid nagu magneesium, kroom, raud ja kaalium Kasekäsna turvalisus. Hiina meditsiin klassifitseerib ürte erinevate kategooriate alla. Kasekäsna klassifitseeritakse "tonic herb" kategooriasse. Neid ürte võib kasutada (sageli ka soovitatakse) suurtes annustes,
This average current IF is the rate a diode can handle up to the forward direction when used as a rectifier. Another entry of interest in the data sheet is the forward voltade drop UF(max) when the maximum forward current occurs. An usual diode has this value 0.7-2.0V. Diode conducts easily when forward biased. Reverse biasing. The reverse current is a leakage current at the source rated voltage. Typically, silicon diodes have 1-10 microA and germanium 200-700 microA of leakage current. This value includes thermally produced current and surface leakage current. Only these currents take place, when a diode is reverse biased. At breakdown, the diode goes into avalanche where a number of carriers appear suddenly in the depletion layer. With a rectifier diode, breakdown is usually destructive. 4)Typical values: Uknee- approximatly 0.7V; UF 0.7-2.0V; leakage (IR) 1-10 microA/200- 700microA. 5) Idealized characteristic
· germaanium on üks kõige hinnatavamaid pooljuhte · germaanium paisub sulamisel · germaanium on üsna habras ja rabe aine 9 KASUTATUD KIRJANDUS 1. Karik,H. ja Truus, K. Elementide keemia. 2003. lk 399-401 2. Karik, H. Leiutised ja avastused keemias. 2009. lk 420-422 3. http://www.miksike.ee/docs/lisa/8klass/4teema/loodus/germaanium.h tm 4. http://www.eveks.ee/germanij.html 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium 6. http://www.softschools.com/facts/periodic_table/germanium_facts/21 0/ 7. http://www.livescience.com/29520-germanium.html 8. http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanium 10
FORTRAN Fortran on vanim assemblerist kõrgema taseme programmeerimiskeel, mis võimaldas loop ´ida. See loodi 1957 aastal IBM-is teaduslike ja tehniliste arvutuste tarvis. 1958 SAGE -- Semi-Automatic Ground Environment -- linked hundreds of radar stations in the United States and Canada in the first large-scale computer communications network. Jack Kilby completes building the first integrated circuit, containing five components on a piece of germanium half an inch long and thinner than a toothpick. 1960 IBM develops the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors, in New York. AT&T designed its Dataphone, the first commercial modem, specifically for converting digital computer data to analog signals for transmission across its long distance Network A team drawn from several computer manufacturers and the Pentagon developed COBOL, Common Business Oriented Language. Project leader: Grace Hopper.
the United States and Canada in the first large-scale computer communications network. At Texas Instruments, Jack St. Clair Kilby comes up with the idea of creating a monolithic device (integrated circuit) on a single piece of silicon. Later (in 2000) Kilby receives Nobel price in physics Jack Kilby completes building the first integrated circuit, containing five components on a piece of germanium half an inch long and thinner than a toothpick. 1959 Fairchild Semiconductor files a patent application for the planar process for manufacturing transistors. The process makes commercial production of transistors possible and leads to Fairchild's introduction, in two years, of the first integrated circuit. Texas Instruments announces the discovery of the integrated circuit. At Fairchild Semiconductor, Robert Noyce constructs an integrated circuit with
A successful attempt followed. A group of eight engineers leaves Shockley Semiconductor to form Fairchild Semiconductors. Kenneth Olsen founds Digital Equipment Corporation. 1958 At Texas Instruments, Jack St. Clair Kilby comes up with the idea of creating a monolithic device (integrated circuit) on a single piece of silicon.Later (in 2000) Kilby receives Nobel price in physics. Jack Kilby completes building the first integrated circuit, containing five components on a piece of germanium half an inch long and thinner than a toothpick. SAGE -- Semi-Automatic Ground Environment -- linked hundreds of radar stations in the United States and Canada in the first large-scale computer communications network. 1959 Fairchild Semiconductor files a patent application for the planar process for manufacturing transistors. The process makes commercial production of transistors possible and leads to Fairchild's introduction, in two years, of the first integrated circuit.
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