dues from the peasants & hold judgement over them. Another important class developed the men of learning, came from the Christian Church. Nobody knows when christianity first reached Britain. Christianity came from 2 directions, Rome & Ireland. In 597 Pope Gregory the Great sent a group of missionaries under a monk Augustin to re-establish Christianity. Augustin went to Canterbury, the capital of Kent, where King Ethelbert had married Bertha, a Christian Frankish princess. Several ruling families accepted Christianity, but not ordinary people. Augustin became the first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601. It was the Celtic Church which brought Christianity to the ordinary people. Patrick, a British monk, introduced Christianity to Ireland before 460. Around 563 a monk named Columba left Ireland for the isle of Iona near Scotland and started a monastery there. Monks from Iona then converted most of Scotland. Another monk, Aidan,
The name Bohemia came from a Celtic tribe called Boii, and is still used today for the western part of the Czech Republic. Foundation of Prague In the 6th century, two Slav tribes settled on opposite sides of a particularly appealing stretch of the Vltava River. The Czechs built a wooden fortress where the residential area Hradcany stands today, and the Zlícani built theirs upstream at what is now Vysehrad. They had barely dug in when nomadic Avars thundered in, to rule until the Frankish trader Samo united the Slav tribes and drove the Avars out. Samo held on for 35 years before the Slavs reverted to squabbling. In the 9th century Prague was part of the short-lived Great Moravian Empire. Under its second ruler, Rastislav (r 846-70), emissaries were invited to come from Constantinople, and Christianity took root in the region. The Moravians (the ancient lands of Moravia now form
About AD 300 the hold by the Romans began to weaken, and no indigenous German tribes pushed into the area from the east. The Frisians, in the north, held their ground, but Saxons occupied the eastern part of the region, and the Franks moved into the west and south. (3) 2.3 The Middle Ages The Franks were the most powerful of the invaders. Their lands extended southward into what is now northern France and eastward across the Rhine. Eventually, the Frankish kings subjugated the Frisians and the Saxons and converted them to Christianity. By 800 the entire territory of the Netherlands was part of the realm of Charlemagne. After Charlemagne died, his empire disintegrated, and in 843 the Treaty of Verdun divided the empire into three parts. The Netherlands became part of Lotharingia (Lorraine) and still later, in 925, part of the Holy Roman Empire. At that time a Dutch nation did not exist, and the immediate loyalties of the
tradition of high significance at this time and followed the ceremonial forms set by pre-Christian Rome. These banners were generally called `pallia' and like the previously mentioned cloak of Mohammed, they were originally garments. It is interesting to note that pallia were dedicated to St. Augustine (354-430), Charlemagne (742- 814), and William the Conqueror (1028-1087). The cloak of St. Martin was another garment that was turned into a flag, which later became a cult object of Frankish kings and even influenced the choice of blue as part of the modern French tricolour. Meanwhile the power that finally led to the creation of the Mongol Empire arose in Asia. Many of the Mongol standards displayed a device, a `flaming trident', reproducing the blades of a trident with flames surrounding them. The flag of the Khan himself consisted of nine yak-tails hanging from a rack of crossbars. After
empire fell apart Pointed several English as bishops in Denmark, divided kingdom into 4 earldoms, while abroad The vikings of Normandy 789 first ships to England Big raid in Kent 835. three decades of yearly attacks, arrival of a full-scaled army Reasons_ Growth of population in Vikings home landin many european countries from 850´s onwards In Ireland, ScotlandWales and Cornwall- mainly Norwegian, in English, Frankish lands- Danish 9th C invaded England, conquered all nothern, Feudalism, manor system Feudalism- social system of rights and dutie based on land tenure and personal relationship The basis- holding land, Main purpose- economy King was the owner of the whole land, land was held by vassals, greater nobles gave part of their land to smaller, system developed mailny in 9th C, loyal dynasties became independent and started to build up small territorial states
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